Standard: Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. a. Ensure that pronouns are in the proper case (subjective, objective, possessive). b. Use all pronouns, including intensive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves) correctly. CA c. Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.* d. Recognize and correct vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).* e. Recognize variations from standard English in their own and others' writing and speaking, and identify and use strategies to improve expression in conventional language.* Footnote: Beginning in grade 3, skills and understandings that are particularly likely to require continued attention in higher grades as they are applied to increasingly sophisticated writing and speaking are marked with an asterisk (*).

Standard: Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. a. Use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.* b. Spell correctly. Footnote: Beginning in grade 3, skills and understandings that are particularly likely to require continued attention in higher grades as they are applied to increasingly sophisticated writing and speaking are marked with an asterisk (*).

Standard: Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening. a. Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.* b. Maintain consistency in style and tone.* Footnote: Beginning in grade 3, skills and understandings that are particularly likely to require continued attention in higher grades as they are applied to increasingly sophisticated writing and speaking are marked with an asterisk (*).

Standard: Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 6 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies. a. Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word's position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase. b. Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., audience, auditory, audible). c. Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning or its part of speech. d. Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).

Standard: Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. a. Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context. b. Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., cause/effect, part/whole, item/category) to better understand each of the words. c. Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., stingy, scrimping, economical, unwasteful, thrifty).

Standard: Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.

Standard: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources.

Standard: By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend history/social studies texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Standard: Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.

Standard: Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered).

Standard: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary specific to domains related to history/social studies.

Standard: Describe how a text presents information (e.g., sequentially, comparatively, causally).

Standard: Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts).

Standard: Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts.

Standard: Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text.

Standard: Analyze the relationship between a primary and secondary source on the same topic.

Standard: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.

Standard: By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Standard: Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.

Standard: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.

Standard: Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics.

Standard: Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.

Standard: Analyze the author's purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.

Standard: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).

Standard: Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.

Standard: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.

Standard: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. a. Introduce claim(s) about a topic or issue, acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. b. Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant, accurate data and evidence that demonstrate an understanding of the topic or text, using credible sources. c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. d. Establish and maintain a formal style. e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Standard: Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Standard: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. a. Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories as appropriate to achieving purpose; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. b. Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. c. Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. e. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone. f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Standard: (See note; not applicable as a separate requirement)

Standard: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Standard: With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.

Standard: Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently.

Standard: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.

Standard: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources (primary and secondary), using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CA

Standard: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis reflection, and research.

Standard: Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Standard: By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

Standard: Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Standard: Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., through examples or anecdotes).

Standard: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings. (See grade 6 Language standards 4-6 for additional expectations.) CA

Standard: Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas. a. Analyze the use of text features (e.g., graphics, headers, captions) in popular media. CA

Standard: Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Standard: Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.

Standard: Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Standard: Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another (e.g., a memoir written by and a biography on the same person).

Standard: Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Standard: By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

Standard: Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Standard: Describe how a particular story's or drama's plot unfolds in a series of episodes as well as how the characters respond or change as the plot moves toward a resolution.

Standard: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of a specific word choice on meaning and tone. (See grade 6 Language standards 4-6 for additional expectations.) CA

Standard: Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the theme, setting, or plot.

Standard: Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Standard: Compare and contrast the experience of reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version of the text, including contrasting what they "see" and "hear" when reading the text to what they perceive when they listen or watch.

Standard: (Not applicable to literature)

Standard: Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres (e.g., stories and poems; historical novels and fantasy stories) in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Standard: Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly. a. Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence on the topic, text, or issue to probe and reflect on ideas under discussion. b. Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed. c. Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic, text, or issue under discussion. d. Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.

Standard: Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue under study.

Standard: Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Standard: Present claims and findings (e.g., argument, narrative, informative, response to literature presentations), sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details and nonverbal elements to accentuate main ideas or themes; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. CA a. Plan and deliver an informative/explanatory presentation that: develops a topic with relevant facts, definitions, and concrete details; uses appropriate transitions to clarify relationships; uses precise language and domain specific vocabulary; and provides a strong conclusion. CA

Standard: Include multimedia components (e.g., graphics, images, music, sound) and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Standard: Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (See grade 6 Language standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)

Standard: Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. a. Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly. b. Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text. c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons. d. Establish and maintain a formal style. e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.

Standard: Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Standard: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. a. Introduce a topic or thesis statement; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. CA b. Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. c. Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. e. Establish and maintain a formal style. f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Standard: Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences. a. Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically. b. Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters. c. Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another. d. Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events. e. Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Standard: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in standards 1-3 above.)

Standard: With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1-3 up to and including grade 6.)

Standard: Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others; demonstrate sufficient command of keyboarding skills to type a minimum of three pages in a single sitting.

Standard: Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.

Standard: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and providing basic bibliographic information for sources.

Standard: Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. a. Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres [e.g., stories and poems; historical novels and fantasy stories] in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics"). b. Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not").

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers. For example, express the calculation "Subtract y from 5" as 5 - y.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient); view one or more parts of an expression as a single entity. For example, describe the expression 2 (8 + 7) as a product of two factors; view (8 + 7) as both a single entity and a sum of two terms.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems. Perform arithmetic operations, including those involving whole-number exponents, in the conventional order when there are no parentheses to specify a particular order (Order of Operations). For example, use the formulas V = s3 and A = 6 s2 to find the volume and surface area of a cube with sides of length s = 1/2.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the distributive property to the expression 3 (2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x; apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent expression 3y.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions. Standard: Identify when two expressions are equivalent (i.e., when the two expressions name the same number regardless of which value is substituted into them). For example, the expressions y + y + y and 3y are equivalent because they name the same number regardless of which number y stands for.

Cluster: Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Standard: Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question: which values from a specified set, if any, make the equation or inequality true? Use substitution to determine whether a given number in a specified set makes an equation or inequality true.

Cluster: Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Standard: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set.

Cluster: Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Standard: Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.

Cluster: Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities. Standard: Write an inequality of the form x > c or x < c to represent a constraint or condition in a real-world or mathematical problem. Recognize that inequalities of the form x > c or x < c have infinitely many solutions; represent solutions of such inequalities on number line diagrams.

Cluster: Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables. Standard: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. For example, in a problem involving motion at constant speed, list and graph ordered pairs of distances and times, and write the equation d = 65t to represent the relationship between distance and time.

Cluster: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. Standard: Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes; apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Cluster: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. Standard: Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes of the appropriate unit fraction edge lengths, and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths of the prism. Apply the formulas V = l w h and V = b h to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Cluster: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. Standard: Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices; use coordinates to find the length of a side joining points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Cluster: Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume. Standard: Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions. Standard: Interpret and compute quotients of fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions by fractions, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations to represent the problem. For example, create a story context for (2/3) ÷ (3/4) and use a visual fraction model to show the quotient; use the relationship between multiplication and division to explain that (2/3) ÷ (3/4) = 8/9 because 3/4 of 8/9 is 2/3. (In general, (a/b) ÷ (c/d) = ad/bc.) How much chocolate will each person get if 3 people share 1/2 lb of chocolate equally? How many 3/4-cup servings are in 2/3 of a cup of yogurt? How wide is a rectangular strip of land with length 3/4 mi and area 1/2 square mi?

Cluster: Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. Standard: Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm.

Cluster: Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. Standard: Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation.

Cluster: Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples. Standard: Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12. Use the distributive property to express a sum of two whole numbers 1-100 with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers with no common factor. For example, express 36 + 8 as 4 (9 + 2).

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates. Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line; recognize that the opposite of the opposite of a number is the number itself, e.g., -(-3) = 3, and that 0 is its own opposite.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates. Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane; recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations of the points are related by reflections across one or both axes.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates. Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram; find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers. Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram. For example, interpret -3 > -7 as a statement that -3 is located to the right of -7 on a number line oriented from left to right.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers. Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts. For example, write -3°C > -7°C to express the fact that -3°C is warmer than -7°C.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers. Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line; interpret absolute value as magnitude for a positive or negative quantity in a real-world situation. For example, for an account balance of -30 dollars, write |-30| = 30 to describe the size of the debt in dollars.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers. Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order. For example, recognize that an account balance less than -30 dollars represents a debt greater than 30 dollars.

Cluster: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. Standard: Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane. Include use of coordinates and absolute value to find distances between points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate.

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, "The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was 1 beak." "For every vote candidate A received, candidate C received nearly three votes."

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ? 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. For example, "This recipe has a ratio of 3 cups of flour to 4 cups of sugar, so there is 3/4 cup of flour for each cup of sugar." "We paid $75 for 15 hamburgers, which is a rate of $5 per hamburger." Footnote: Expectations for unit rates in this grade are limited to non-complex fractions.

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole number measurements, find missing values in the tables, and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane. Use tables to compare ratios.

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed. For example, if it took 7 hours to mow 4 lawns, then at that rate, how many lawns could be mowed in 35 hours? At what rate were lawns being mowed?

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 (e.g., 30% of a quantity means 30/100 times the quantity); solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent.

Cluster: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems. Standard: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.

Cluster: Develop understanding of statistical variability. Standard: Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers. For example, "How old am I?" is not a statistical question, but "How old are the students in my school?" is a statistical question because one anticipates variability in students' ages.

Cluster: Develop understanding of statistical variability. Standard: Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.

Cluster: Develop understanding of statistical variability. Standard: Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single number.

Cluster: Summarize and describe distributions. Standard: Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots.

Cluster: Summarize and describe distributions. Standard: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: Reporting the number of observations.

Cluster: Summarize and describe distributions. Standard: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement.

Cluster: Summarize and describe distributions. Standard: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall pattern and any striking deviations from the overall pattern with reference to the context in which the data were gathered.

Cluster: Summarize and describe distributions. Standard: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context, such as by: Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered.

Title: MS-ESS1 Earth's Place in the Universe Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons. [Clarification Statement: Examples of models can be physical, graphical, or conceptual.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS1.A: The Universe and its Stars Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models. ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System This model of the solar system can explain eclipses of the sun and the moon. Earth's spin axis is fixed in direction over the short-term but tilted relative to its orbit around the sun. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A; MS.PS2.B Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; 5.PS2.B; 5.ESS1.B; HS.PS2.A; HS.PS2.B; HS.ESS1.B

Title: MS-ESS1 Earth's Place in the Universe Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis for the model is on gravity as the force that holds together the solar system and Milky Way galaxy and controls orbital motions within them. Examples of models can be physical (such as the analogy of distance along a football field or computer visualizations of elliptical orbits) or conceptual (such as mathematical proportions relative to the size of familiar objects such as students' school or state).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Kepler's Laws of orbital motion or the apparent retrograde motion of the planets as viewed from Earth.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS1.A: The Universe and its Stars Earth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe. ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them. The solar system appears to have formed from a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-d: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A; MS.PS2.B; Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; 5.PS2.B; 5.ESS1.A; 5.ESS1.B; HS.PS2.A; HS.PS2.B; HS.ESS1.A; HS.ESS1.B

Title: MS-ESS1 Earth's Place in the Universe Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the analysis of data from Earth-based instruments, space-based telescopes, and spacecraft to determine similarities and differences among solar system objects. Examples of scale properties include the sizes of an object's layers (such as crust and atmosphere), surface features (such as volcanoes), and orbital radius. Examples of data include statistical information, drawings and photographs, and models.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling facts about properties of the planets and other solar system bodies.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, "The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was one beak." "For every vote candidate A received, candidate C received nearly three votes." 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 5.ESS1.B; HS.ESS1.B; HS.ESS2.A

Title: MS-ESS1 Earth's Place in the Universe Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how analyses of rock formations and the fossils they contain are used to establish relative ages of major events in Earth's history. Examples of Earth's major events could range from being very recent (such as the last Ice Age or the earliest fossils of homo sapiens) to very old (such as the formation of Earth or the earliest evidence of life). Examples can include the formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, the evolution or extinction of particular living organisms, or significant volcanic eruptions.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling the names of specific periods or epochs and events within them.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth The geologic time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth's history. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.2: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. Mathematics 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS4.A; MS.LS4.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS4.A; 3.LS4.C; 4.ESS1.C; HS.PS1.C; HS.LS4.A; HS.LS4.C; HS.ESS1.C; HS.ESS2.A

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation, which act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth's materials.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification and naming of minerals.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet's systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth's hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth's materials and living organisms. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Stability and Change Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A; MS.PS1.B; MS.PS3.B; MS.LS2.B; MS.LS2.C; MS.ESS1.B; MS.ESS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.B; 4.ESS2.A; 5.ESS2.A; HS.PS1.B; HS.PS3.B; HS.LS1.C; HS.LS2.B; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.E

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how processes change Earth's surface at time and spatial scales that can be large (such as slow plate motions or the uplift of large mountain ranges) or small (such as rapid landslides or microscopic geochemical reactions), and how many geoscience processes (such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and meteor impacts) usually behave gradually but are punctuated by catastrophic events. Examples of geoscience processes include surface weathering and deposition by the movements of water, ice, and wind. Emphasis is on geoscience processes that shape local geographic features, where appropriate.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems The planet's systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth's history and will determine its future. ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes Water's movements-both on the land and underground-cause weathering and erosion, which change the land's surface features and create underground formations. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe nature operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale Proportion and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B; MS.LS2.B Articulation across grade-bands: 4.ESS1.C; 4.ESS2.A; 4.ESS2.E; 5.ESS2.A; HS.PS3.D; HS.LS2.B; HS.ESS1.C; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.B; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.D; HS.ESS2.E; HS.ESS3.D

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions. [Clarification Statement: Examples of data include similarities of rock and fossil types on different continents, the shapes of the continents (including continental shelves), and the locations of ocean structures (such as ridges, fracture zones, and trenches).] [Assessment Boundary: Paleomagnetic anomalies in oceanic and continental crust are not assessed.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches. (HS.ESS1.C GBE) (secondary to MS-ESS2-3) ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth's plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Open to Revision in Light of New Evidence Science findings are frequently revised and/or reinterpreted based on new evidence. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Patterns in rates of change and other numerical relationships can provide information about natural systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS4.A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS4.A; 3.ESS3.B; 4.ESS1.C; 4.ESS2.B; 4.ESS3.B; HS.LS4.A; HS.LS4.C; HS.ESS1.C; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.B

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ways water changes its state as it moves through the multiple pathways of the hydrologic cycle. Examples of models can be conceptual or physical.] [Assessment Boundary: A quantitative understanding of the latent heats of vaporization and fusion is not assessed.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. Global movements of water and its changes in form are propelled by sunlight and gravity. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Within a natural or designed system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and/or cycling of matter. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: N/A DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A; MS.PS2.B; MS.PS3.A; MS.PS3.D Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; 4.PS3.B; 5.PS2.B; 5.ESS2.C; HS.PS2.B; HS.PS3.B; HS.PS3.D; HS.PS4.B; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.D

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how air masses flow from regions of high pressure to low pressure, causing weather (defined by temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, and wind) at a fixed location to change over time, and how sudden changes in weather can result when different air masses collide. Emphasis is on how weather can be predicted within probabilistic ranges. Examples of data can be provided to students (such as weather maps, diagrams, and visualizations) or obtained through laboratory experiments (such as with condensation).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling the names of cloud types or weather symbols used on weather maps or the reported diagrams from weather stations.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes The complex patterns of the changes and the movement of water in the atmosphere, determined by winds, landforms, and ocean temperatures and currents, are major determinants of local weather patterns. ESS2.D: Weather and Climate Because these patterns are so complex, weather can only be predicted probabilistically. Science & Engineering Practices: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Collect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.NS.5: Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values; use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A; MS.PS2.A; MS.PS3.A; MS.PS3.B Articulation across grade-bands: 3.ESS2.D; 5.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.D

Title: MS-ESS2 Earth's Systems Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how patterns vary by latitude, altitude, and geographic land distribution. Emphasis of atmospheric circulation is on the sunlight-driven latitudinal banding, the Coriolis effect, and resulting prevailing winds; emphasis of ocean circulation is on the transfer of heat by the global ocean convection cycle, which is constrained by the Coriolis effect and the outlines of continents. Examples of models can be diagrams, maps and globes, or digital representations.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the dynamics of the Coriolis effect.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes Variations in density due to variations in temperature and salinity drive a global pattern of interconnected ocean currents. ESS2.D: Weather and Climate Weather and climate are influenced by interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, ice, landforms, and living things. These interactions vary with latitude, altitude, and local and regional geography, all of which can affect oceanic and atmospheric flow patterns. The ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate by absorbing energy from the sun, releasing it over time, and globally redistributing it through ocean currents. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions-such as inputs, processes and outputs-and energy, matter, and information flows within systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A; MS.PS3.B; MS.PS4.B Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; 3.ESS2.D; 5.ESS2.A; HS.PS2.B; HS.PS3.B; HS.ESS1.B; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.D

Title: MS-ESS3 Earth and Human Activity Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how these resources are limited and typically non-renewable, and how their distributions are significantly changing as a result of removal by humans. Examples of uneven distributions of resources as a result of past processes include but are not limited to petroleum (locations of the burial of organic marine sediments and subsequent geologic traps), metal ores (locations of past volcanic and hydrothermal activity associated with subduction zones), and soil (locations of active weathering and/or deposition of rock).] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS3.A: Natural Resources Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Mathematics 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A; MS.PS1.B; MS.ESS2.D Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.D; 4.ESS3.A; HS.PS3.B; HS.LS1.C; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.B; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS3.A

Title: MS-ESS3 Earth and Human Activity Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how some natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions and severe weather, are preceded by phenomena that allow for reliable predictions, but others, such as earthquakes, occur suddenly and with no notice, and thus are not yet predictable. Examples of natural hazards can be taken from interior processes (such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions), surface processes (such as mass wasting and tsunamis), or severe weather events (such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods). Examples of data can include the locations, magnitudes, and frequencies of the natural hazards. Examples of technologies can be global (such as satellite systems to monitor hurricanes or forest fires) or local (such as building basements in tornado-prone regions or reservoirs to mitigate droughts).] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS3.B: Natural Hazards Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.ESS3.B; 4.ESS3.B; HS.ESS2.B; HS.ESS2.D; HS.ESS3.B; HS.ESS3.D

Title: MS-ESS3 Earth and Human Activity Performance Expectation: Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of the design process include examining human environmental impacts, assessing the kinds of solutions that are feasible, and designing and evaluating solutions that could reduce that impact. Examples of human impacts can include water usage (such as the withdrawal of water from streams and aquifers or the construction of dams and levees), land usage (such as urban development, agriculture, or the removal of wetlands), and pollution (such as of the air, water, or land).] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth's environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. Typically as human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do the negative impacts on Earth unless the activities and technologies involved are engineered otherwise. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Apply scientific principles to design an object, tool, process or system. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Relationships can be classified as causal or correlational, and correlation does not necessarily imply causation. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources (primary and secondary), using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Mathematics 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A; MS.LS2.C ; MS.LS4.D Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS2.C; 3.LS4.D; 5.ESS3.C; HS.LS2.C; HS.LS4.C; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.D; HS.ESS2.E; HS.ESS3.C; HS.ESS3.D

Title: MS-ESS3 Earth and Human Activity Performance Expectation: Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems. [Clarification Statement: Examples of evidence include grade-appropriate databases on human populations and the rates of consumption of food and natural resources (such as freshwater, mineral, and energy). Examples of impacts can include changes to the appearance, composition, and structure of Earth's systems as well as the rates at which they change. The consequences of increases in human populations and consumption of natural resources are described by science, but science does not make the decisions for the actions society takes.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems Typically as human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, so do the negative impacts on Earth unless the activities and technologies involved are engineered otherwise. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Construct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. Connections to Nature of Science: Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World Scientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.1.a-f: Write arguments focused on discipline content. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Mathematics 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. 7.EE.4.a-b: Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A; MS.LS4.D Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS2.C; 3.LS4.D; 5.ESS3.C; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS2.C; HS.LS4.C; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS2.E; HS.ESS3.A; HS.ESS3.C

Title: MS-ESS3 Earth and Human Activity Performance Expectation: Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. [Clarification Statement: Examples of factors include human activities (such as fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and agricultural activity) and natural processes (such as changes in incoming solar radiation or volcanic activity). Examples of evidence can include tables, graphs, and maps of global and regional temperatures, atmospheric levels of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, and the rates of human activities. Emphasis is on the major role that human activities play in causing the rise in global temperatures.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ESS3.D: Global Climate Change Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth's mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as understanding of human behavior and on applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. Science & Engineering Practices: Asking Questions and Defining Problems Ask questions to identify and clarify evidence of an argument. Crosscutting Concepts: Stability and Change Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes that accumulate over time. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.EE.6: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.PS3.B; HS.PS4.B; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.D; HS.ESS3.C; HS.ESS3.D

Title: MS-ETS1 Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Performance Expectation: Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions. Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems The more precisely a design task's criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that are likely to limit possible solutions. Science & Engineering Practices: Asking Questions and Defining Problems Define a design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process or system and includes multiple criteria and constraints, including scientific knowledge that may limit possible solutions. Crosscutting Concepts: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. The uses of technologies and limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources (primary and secondary), using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. DCI Connections: Connections to MS-ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems include: Physical Science: MS-PS3-3 Articulation across grade-bands: 3-5.ETS1.A; 3-5.ETS1.C; HS.ETS1.A; HS.ETS1.B

Title: MS-ETS1 Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Performance Expectation: Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem. Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Evaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria. Crosscutting Concepts: N/A California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of consideration and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. DCI Connections: Connections to MS-ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions Problems include: Physical Science: MS-PS1-6; MS-PS3-3 Life Science: MS-LS2-5 Articulation across grade-bands: 3-5.ETS1.A; 3-5.ETS1.B; 3-5.ETS1.C; HS.ETS1.A; HS.ETS1.B

Title: MS-ETS1 Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Performance Expectation: Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success. Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. Sometimes parts of different solutions can be combined to create a solution that is better than any of its predecessors. ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process-that is, some of those characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Crosscutting Concepts: N/A California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of consideration and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. DCI Connections: Connections to MS-ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions Problems include: Physical Science: MS-PS1-6; MS-PS3-3 Life Science: MS-LS2-5 Connections to MS-ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution include: Physical Science: MS-PS1-6 Articulation across grade-bands: 3-5.ETS1.A; 3-5.ETS1.B; 3-5.ETS1.C; HS.ETS1.B; HS.ETS1.C

Title: MS-ETS1 Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Performance Expectation: Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved. Disciplinary Core Idea(s): ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. Models of all kinds are important for testing solutions. ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to generate data to test ideas about designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs. Crosscutting Concepts: N/A California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of consideration and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. DCI Connections: Connections to MS-ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions Problems include: Physical Science: MS-PS1-6; MS-PS3-3 Life Science: MS-LS2-5 Connections to MS-ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution include: Physical Science: MS-PS1-6 Articulation across grade-bands: 3-5.ETS1.B; 3-5.ETS1.C; HS.ETS1.B; HS.ETS1.C

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living things, and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and varied cells. Viruses, while not cells, have features that are both common with, and distinct from, cellular life.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.A: Structure and Function All living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). Science & Engineering Practices: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Conduct an investigation to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that meet the goals of an investigation. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Phenomena that can be observed at one scale may not be observable at another scale. Connections to Engineering, Technology and Applications of Science: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. Mathematics 6.EE.9: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.LS1.A

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways the parts of cells contribute to the function. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the cell functioning as a whole system and the primary role of identified parts of the cell, specifically the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell membrane, and cell wall.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of organelle structure/function relationships is limited to the cell wall and cell membrane. Assessment of the function of the other organelles is limited to their relationship to the whole cell. Assessment does not include the biochemical function of cells or cell parts.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.A: Structure and Function Within cells, special structures are responsible for particular functions, and the cell membrane forms the boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Structure and Function Complex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the relationships among its parts, therefore complex natural structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics 6.EE.9: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS3.A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.LS1.A; HS.LS1.A

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the mechanism of one body system independent of others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory, excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.A: Structure and Function In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Use an oral and written argument supported by evidence to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Systems may interact with other systems; they may have sub-systems and be a part of larger complex systems. Connections to Nature of Science: Science is a Human Endeavor Scientists and engineers are guided by habits of mind such as intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism, and openness to new ideas. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RI.6.8: Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not. WHST.6-8.1.a-e: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. Mathematics 6.EE.9: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.LS1.A

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants respectively. [Clarification Statement: Examples of behaviors that affect the probability of animal reproduction could include nest building to protect young from cold, herding of animals to protect young from predators, and vocalization of animals and colorful plumage to attract mates for breeding. Examples of animal behaviors that affect the probability of plant reproduction could include transferring pollen or seeds, and creating conditions for seed germination and growth. Examples of plant structures could include bright flowers attracting butterflies that transfer pollen, flower nectar and odors that attract insects that transfer pollen, and hard shells on nuts that squirrels bury.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms Animals engage in characteristic behaviors that increase the odds of reproduction. Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and specialized features for reproduction. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Use an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RI.6.8: Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not. WHST.6-8.1.a-e: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS1.B; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS2.D

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. [Clarification Statement: Examples of local environmental conditions could include availability of food, light, space, and water. Examples of genetic factors could include large breed cattle and species of grass affecting growth of organisms. Examples of evidence could include drought decreasing plant growth, fertilizer increasing plant growth, different varieties of plant seeds growing at different rates in different conditions, and fish growing larger in large ponds than they do in small ponds.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include genetic mechanisms, gene regulation, or biochemical processes.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms Genetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of the adult plant. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.2: Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Mathematics 6.SP.2: Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. 6.SP.4: Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS1.B; 3.LS3.A; HS.LS2.A

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on tracing movement of matter and flow of energy.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the biochemical mechanisms of photosynthesis.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms Plants, algae (including phytoplankton), and many microorganisms use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through the process of photosynthesis, which also releases oxygen. These sugars can be used immediately or stored for growth or later use. PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes The chemical reaction by which plants produce complex food molecules (sugars) requires an energy input (i.e., from sunlight) to occur. In this reaction, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbon-based organic molecules and release oxygen. (secondary to MS-LS1-6) Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students' own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Within a natural system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and/or cycling of matter. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.2: Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Mathematics 6.EE.9: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B; MS.ESS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS3.D; 5.LS1.C; 5.LS2.A; 5.LS2.B; HS.PS1.B; HS.LS1.C; HS.LS2.B; HS.ESS2.D

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing that molecules are broken apart and put back together and that in this process, energy is released.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the chemical reactions for photosynthesis or respiration.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms Within individual organisms, food moves through a series of chemical reactions in which it is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules, to support growth, or to release energy. PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes Cellular respiration in plants and animals involve chemical reactions with oxygen that release stored energy. In these processes, complex molecules containing carbon react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and other materials. (secondary to MS-LS1-6) Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS3.D; 5.LS1.C; 5.LS2.B; HS.PS1.B; HS.LS1.C; HS.LS2.B

Title: MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes Performance Expectation: Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include mechanisms for the transmission of this information.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.D: Information Processing Each sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories. Science & Engineering Practices: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.LS1.D; HS.LS1.A

Title: MS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on cause and effect relationships between resources and growth of individual organisms and the numbers of organisms in ecosystems during periods of abundant and scarce resources.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems Organisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors. In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS3.A; MS.ESS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS2.C; 3.LS4.D; 5.LS2.A; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS4.C; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS3.A

Title: MS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation: Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on predicting consistent patterns of interactions in different ecosystems in terms of the relationships among and between organisms and abiotic components of ecosystems. Examples of types of interactions could include competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that predict phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. WHST.6-8.2: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. SL.8.1.a-d: Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly. SL.8.4: Present claims and findings (e.g., argument, narrative, response to literature presentations), emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. a. Plan and present a narrative that: establishes a context and point of view, presents a logical sequence, uses narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue, pacing, description, sensory language), uses a variety of transitions, and provides a conclusion that reflects the experience. Mathematics 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.B Articulation across grade-bands: 1.LS1.B; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS2.B; HS.LS2.D

Title: MS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing the conservation of matter and flow of energy into and out of various ecosystems, and on defining the boundaries of the system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the use of chemical reactions to describe the processes.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS2.B: Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a natural system. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics 6.EE.9: Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B Articulation across grade-bands: 5.LS2.A; 5.LS2.B; HS.PS3.B; HS.LS1.C; HS.LS2.B; HS.ESS2.A

Title: MS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation: Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on recognizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences about changes in populations, and on evaluating empirical evidence supporting arguments about changes to ecosystems.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Construct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science disciplines share common rules of obtaining and evaluating empirical evidence. Crosscutting Concepts: Stability and Change Small changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RI.8.8: Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. WHST.6-8.1.a-e: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS4.C; MS.LS4.D; MS.ESS2.A; MS.ESS3.A; MS.ESS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS2.C; 3.LS4.D; HS.LS2.C; HS.LS4.C; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS2.E; HS.ESS3.B; HS.ESS3.C

Title: MS-LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics Performance Expectation: Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of ecosystem services could include water purification, nutrient recycling, and prevention of soil erosion. Examples of design solution constraints could include scientific, economic, and social considerations.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth's terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem's biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. LS4.D: Biodiversity and Humans Changes in biodiversity can influence humans' resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on-for example, water purification and recycling. (secondary to MS-LS2-5) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-LS2-5) Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Evaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria. Crosscutting Concepts: Stability and Change Small changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The use of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. Connections to Nature of Science: Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World Scientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle I The continuation and health of individual human lives and of human communities and societies depend on the health of the natural systems that provide essential goods and ecosystem services. Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. Principle III Natural systems proceed through cycles that humans depend upon, benefit from, and can alter. Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. Principle V Decisions affecting resources and natural systems are based on a wide range of considerations and decision-making processes. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.8: Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text. RI.8.8: Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. Mathematics MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.3.a-d: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: HS.LS2.A; HS.LS2.C; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS3.A; HS.ESS3.C; HS.ESS3.D

Title: MS-LS3 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific changes at the molecular level, mechanisms for protein synthesis, or specific types of mutations.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. LS3.B: Variation of Traits In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Structure and Function Complex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the shapes, composition, and relationships among its parts, therefore complex natural structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.4: Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.A; MS.LS4.A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS3.A; 3.LS3.B; HS.LS1.A; HS.LS1.B; HS.LS3.A; HS.LS3.B

Title: MS-LS3 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using models such as Punnett squares, diagrams, and simulations to describe the cause and effect relationship of gene transmission from parent(s) to offspring and resulting genetic variation.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (secondary to MS-LS3-2) LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits Variations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences that result from the subset of chromosomes (and therefore genes) inherited. LS3.B: Variation of Traits In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.4: Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS3.A; 3.LS3.B; HS.LS1.B; HS.LS3.A; HS.LS3.B

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on finding patterns of changes in the level of complexity of anatomical structures in organisms and the chronological order of fossil appearance in the rock layers.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the names of individual species or geological eras in the fossil record.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order (e.g., through the location of the sedimentary layers in which they are found or through radioactive dating) is known as the fossil record. It documents the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of many life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS1.C; MS.ESS2.B Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS4.A; HS.LS4.A; HS.ESS1.C

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on explanations of the evolutionary relationships among organisms in terms of similarity or differences of the gross appearance of anatomical structures.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between them and organisms in the fossil record, enable the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the inference of lines of evolutionary descent. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for real-world phenomena, examples, or events. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. SL.8.1.a-d: Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly. SL.8.4: Present claims and findings (e.g., argument, narrative, response to literature presentations), emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. a. Plan and present a narrative that: establishes a context and point of view, presents a logical sequence, uses narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue, pacing, description, sensory language), uses a variety of transitions, and provides a conclusion that reflects the experience. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS3.A; MS.LS3.B; MS.ESS1.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS4.A; HS.LS4.A; HS.ESS1.C

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on inferring general patterns of relatedness among embryos of different organisms by comparing the macroscopic appearance of diagrams or pictures.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of comparisons is limited to gross appearance of anatomical structures in embryological development.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity Comparison of the embryological development of different species also reveals similarities that show relationships not evident in the fully-formed anatomy. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.LS4.A

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using simple probability statements and proportional reasoning to construct explanations.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.B: Natural Selection Natural selection leads to the predominance of certain traits in a population, and the suppression of others. Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. WHST.6-8.2.a-f: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. SL.8.1.a-d: Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly. SL.8.4: Present claims and findings (e.g., argument, narrative, response to literature presentations), emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. a. Plan and present a narrative that: establishes a context and point of view, presents a logical sequence, uses narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue, pacing, description, sensory language), uses a variety of transitions, and provides a conclusion that reflects the experience. Mathematics 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A; MS.LS3.A; MS.LS3.B Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS3.B; 3.LS4.B; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS3.B; HS.LS4.B; HS.LS4.C

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Gather and synthesize information about technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on synthesizing information from reliable sources about the influence of humans on genetic outcomes in artificial selection (such as genetic modification, animal husbandry, gene therapy); and, on the impacts these technologies have on society as well as the technologies leading to these scientific discoveries.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.B: Natural Selection In artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed on to offspring. Science & Engineering Practices: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 6-8 builds on K-5 experiences and progresses to evaluating the merit and validity of ideas and methods. Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. Connections to Nature of Science: Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World Scientific knowledge can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources (primary and secondary), using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.LS3.B; HS.LS4.C

Title: MS-LS4 Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity Performance Expectation: Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using mathematical models, probability statements, and proportional reasoning to support explanations of trends in changes to populations over time.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Hardy Weinberg calculations.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): LS4.C: Adaptation Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. Science & Engineering Practices: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Use mathematical representations to support scientific conclusions and design solutions. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: Mathematics MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A; MS.LS2.C; MS.LS3.B; MS.ESS1.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS4.C; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS2.C; HS.LS3.B; HS.LS4.B; HS.LS4.C

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing models of molecules that vary in complexity. Examples of simple molecules could include ammonia and methanol. Examples of extended structures could include sodium chloride or diamonds. Examples of molecular-level models could include drawings, 3D ball and stick structures, or computer representations showing different molecules with different types of atoms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include valence electrons and bonding energy, discussing the ionic nature of subunits of complex structures, or a complete depiction of all individual atoms in a complex molecule or extended structure.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals). Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to predict and/or describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.3: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS2.C Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS1.A; HS.PS1.A; HS.ESS1.A

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred. [Clarification Statement: Examples of reactions could include burning sugar or steel wool, fat reacting with sodium hydroxide, and mixing zinc with hydrogen chloride.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to analysis of the following properties: density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, flammability, and odor.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Macroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.RP.3: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. 6.SP.4: Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots. 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.D; MS.LS1.C; MS.ESS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS1.B; HS.PS1.B

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on natural resources that undergo a chemical process to form the synthetic material. Examples of new materials could include new medicine, foods, and alternative fuels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative information.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. Science & Engineering Practices: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or now supported by evidence. Crosscutting Concepts: Structure and Function Structures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. Influence of Science, Engineering and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitation on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. WHST.6-8.8: Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources (primary and secondary), using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A; MS.LS4.D; MS.ESS3.A; MS.ESS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: HS.PS1.A; HS.LS2.A; HS.LS4.D; HS.ESS3.A

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on qualitative molecular-level models of solids, liquids, and gases to show that adding or removing thermal energy increases or decreases kinetic energy of the particles until a change of state occurs. Examples of models could include drawings and diagrams. Examples of particles could include molecules or inert atoms. Examples of pure substances could include water, carbon dioxide, and helium.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other. In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations. The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. PS3.A: Definitions of Energy The term "heat" as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MS-PS1-4) The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system's material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy (sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system depends jointly on the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material. (secondary to MS-PS1-4) Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to predict and/or describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics 6.NS.5: Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS2.C Articulation across grade-bands: HS.PS1.A; HS.PS1.B; HS.PS3.A

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on law of conservation of matter and on physical models or drawings, including digital forms, that represent atoms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the use of atomic masses, balancing symbolic equations, or intermolecular forces.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. Connections to Nature of Science: Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.3: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.C; MS.LS2.B; MS.ESS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS1.B; HS.PS1.B

Title: MS-PS1 Matter and Its Interactions Performance Expectation: Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.* [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the design, controlling the transfer of energy to the environment, and modification of a device using factors such as type and concentration of a substance. Examples of designs could involve chemical reactions such as dissolving ammonium chloride or calcium chloride.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to the criteria of amount, time, and temperature of substance in testing the device.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy. ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. (secondary to MS-PS1-6) ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process - that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. (secondary to MS-PS1-6) The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. (secondary to MS-PS1-6) Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Undertake a design project, engaging in the design cycle, to construct and/or implement a solution that meets specific design criteria and constraints. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle II The long-term functioning and health of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems are influenced by their relationships with human societies. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.D Articulation across grade-bands: HS.PS1.A; HS.PS1.B; HS.PS3.A; HS.PS3.B; HS.PS3.D

Title: MS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions Performance Expectation: Apply Newton's Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of practical problems could include the impact of collisions between two cars, between a car and stationary objects, and between a meteor and a space vehicle.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to vertical or horizontal interactions in one dimension.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS2.A: Forces and Motion For any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction (Newton's third law). Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Apply scientific ideas or principles to design an object, tool, process or system. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions-such as inputs, processes and outputs-and energy and matter flows within systems. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.NS.5: Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values; use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. 6.EE.2.a-c: Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. 7.EE.3-4: Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; HS.PS2.A

Title: MS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions Performance Expectation: Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object's motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on balanced (Newton's First Law) and unbalanced forces in a system, qualitative comparisons of forces, mass and changes in motion (Newton's Second Law), frame of reference, and specification of units.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to forces and changes in motion in one-dimension in an inertial reference frame and to change in one variable at a time. Assessment does not include the use of trigonometry.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS2.A: Forces and Motion The motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion. All positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame and arbitrarily chosen units of size. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared. Science & Engineering Practices: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Stability and Change Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and forces at different scales. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.EE.2.a-c: Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. 7.EE.3-4: Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.A; MS.PS3.B; MS.ESS2.C Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A; HS.PS2.A; HS.PS3.B; HS.ESS1.B

Title: MS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions Performance Expectation: Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. [Clarification Statement: Examples of devices that use electric and magnetic forces could include electromagnets, electric motors, or generators. Examples of data could include the effect of the number of turns of wire on the strength of an electromagnet, or the effect of increasing the number or strength of magnets on the speed of an electric motor.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment about questions that require quantitative answers is limited to proportional reasoning and algebraic thinking.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS2.B: Types of Interactions Electric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects. Science & Engineering Practices: Asking Questions and Defining Problems Ask questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and museums and other public facilities with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on observations and scientific principles. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.B; HS.PS2.B

Title: MS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions Performance Expectation: Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects. [Clarification Statement: Examples of evidence for arguments could include data generated from simulations or digital tools; and charts displaying mass, strength of interaction, distance from the Sun, and orbital periods of objects within the solar system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Newton's Law of Gravitation or Kepler's Laws.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS2.B: Types of Interactions Gravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects have large mass-e.g., Earth and the sun. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Construct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions-such as inputs, processes and outputs-and energy and matter flows within systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy WHST.6-8.1.a-e: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.ESS1.A ; MS.ESS1.B ; MS.ESS2.C Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS2.B ; HS.PS2.B ; HS.ESS1.B

Title: MS-PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions Performance Expectation: Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. [Clarification Statement: Examples of this phenomenon could include the interactions of magnets, electrically-charged strips of tape, and electrically-charged pith balls. Examples of investigations could include first-hand experiences or simulations.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to electric and magnetic fields, and limited to qualitative evidence for the existence of fields.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS2.B: Types of Interactions Forces that act at a distance (electric, magnetic, and gravitational) can be explained by fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a charged object, a magnet, or a ball, respectively). Science & Engineering Practices: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that can meet the goals of the investigation. Crosscutting Concepts: Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.B; HS.PS2.B; HS.PS3.A; HS.PS3.B ; HS.PS3.C

Title: MS-PS3 Energy Performance Expectation: Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on descriptive relationships between kinetic energy and mass separately from kinetic energy and speed. Examples could include riding a bicycle at different speeds, rolling different sizes of rocks downhill, and getting hit by a whiffle ball versus a tennis ball.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS3.A: Definitions of Energy Motion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed. Science & Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. RST.6-8.7: Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.RP.2: Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ? 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. 8.EE.1: Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. 8.EE.2: Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x2 = p and x3 = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that ?2 is irrational. 8.F.3: Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.B; HS.PS3.A; HS.PS3.B

Title: MS-PS3 Energy Performance Expectation: Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on relative amounts of potential energy, not on calculations of potential energy. Examples of objects within systems interacting at varying distances could include: the Earth and either a roller coaster cart at varying positions on a hill or objects at varying heights on shelves, changing the direction/orientation of a magnet, and a balloon with static electrical charge being brought closer to a classmate's hair. Examples of models could include representations, diagrams, pictures, and written descriptions of systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to two objects and electric, magnetic, and gravitational interactions.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS3.A: Definitions of Energy A system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions. PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. Crosscutting Concepts: Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions-such as inputs, processes, and outputs-and energy and matter flows within systems. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: HS.PS2.B; HS.PS3.B; HS.PS3.C

Title: MS-PS3 Energy Performance Expectation: Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of devices could include an insulated box, a solar cooker, and a Styrofoam cup.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS3.A: Definitions of Energy Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems The more precisely a design task's criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. (secondary to MS-PS3-3) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to MS-PS3-3) Science & Engineering Practices: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Apply scientific ideas or principles to design, construct, and test a design of an object, tool, process or system. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B; MS.ESS2.A; MS.ESS2.C; MS.ESS2.D Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.B; HS.PS3.B

Title: MS-PS3 Energy Performance Expectation: Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample. [Clarification Statement: Examples of experiments could include comparing final water temperatures after different masses of ice melted in the same volume of water with the same initial temperature, the temperature change of samples of different materials with the same mass as they cool or heat in the environment, or the same material with different masses when a specific amount of energy is added.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS3.A: Definitions of Energy Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment. Science & Engineering Practices: Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.3: Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. WHST.6-8.7: Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.SP.5.a-d: Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A; MS.PS2.A; MS.ESS2.C; MS.ESS2.D; MS.ESS3.D Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.C; HS.PS1.B; HS.PS3.A; HS.PS3.B

Title: MS-PS3 Energy Performance Expectation: Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object. [Clarification Statement: Examples of empirical evidence used in arguments could include an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculations of energy.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. Science & Engineering Practices: Engaging in Argument from Evidence Construct, use, and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Energy and Matter Energy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion). California Environmental Principles and Concepts: Principle IV The exchange of matter between natural systems and human societies affects the long-term functioning of both. California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. WHST.6-8.1.a-e: Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.C; HS.PS3.A; HS.PS3.B

Title: MS-PS4 Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer Performance Expectation: Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing waves with both qualitative and quantitative thinking.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include electromagnetic waves and is limited to standard repeating waves.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS4.A: Wave Properties A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Science & Engineering Practices: Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Use mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions. Connections to Nature of Science: Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. Crosscutting Concepts: Patterns Graphs and charts can be used to identify patterns in data. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. Mathematics MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.4: Model with mathematics. 6.RP.1: Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. 6.RP.3.a-d: Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. 7.RP.2.a-d: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. 8.F.3: Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.A; 4.PS3.B; 4.PS4.A; HS.PS4.A; HS.PS4.B

Title: MS-PS4 Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on both light and mechanical waves. Examples of models could include drawings, simulations, and written descriptions.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative applications pertaining to light and mechanical waves.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS4.A: Wave Properties A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted. PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object's material and the frequency (color) of the light. The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends. A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media. However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves. Science & Engineering Practices: Developing and Using Models Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Crosscutting Concepts: Structure and Function Structures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy SL.8.5: Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.D Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS4.B; HS.PS4.A; HS.PS4.B; HS.ESS1.A; HS.ESS2.A; HS.ESS2.C; HS.ESS2.D

Title: MS-PS4 Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer Performance Expectation: Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on a basic understanding that waves can be used for communication purposes. Examples could include using fiber optic cable to transmit light pulses, radio wave pulses in wifi devices, and conversion of stored binary patterns to make sound or text on a computer screen.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include binary counting. Assessment does not include the specific mechanism of any given device.] Disciplinary Core Idea(s): PS4.C: Information Technologies and Instrumentation Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information. Science & Engineering Practices: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information in written text with that contained in media and visual displays to clarify claims and findings. Crosscutting Concepts: Structure and Function Structures can be designed to serve particular functions. Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science: Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World Technologies extend the measurement, exploration, modeling, and computational capacity of scientific investigations. Connections to Nature of Science: Science is a Human Endeavor Advances in technology influence the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology. California Environmental Principles and Concepts: N/A California Common Core State Standards Connections: ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. RST.6-8.2: Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. RST.6-8.9: Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. WHST.6-8.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. DCI Connections: Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: N/A Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS4.C; HS.PS4.A; HS.PS4.C

Standard: Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution. Standard: Describe the hunter-gatherer societies, including the development of tools and the use of fire.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution. Standard: Identify the locations of human communities that populated the major regions of the world and describe how humans adapted to a variety of environments.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution. Standard: Discuss the climatic changes and human modifications of the physical environment that gave rise to the domestication of plants and animals and new sources of clothing and shelter.

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Locate and describe the major river systems and discuss the physical settings that supported permanent settlement and early civilizations.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Trace the development of agricultural techniques that permitted the production of economic surplus and the emergence of cities as centers of culture and power.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Understand the relationship between religion and the social and political order in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Know the significance of Hammurabi's Code.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Discuss the main features of Egyptian art and architecture.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Describe the role of Egyptian trade in the eastern Mediterranean and Nile valley.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Understand the significance of Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Identify the location of the Kush civilization and describe its political, commercial, and cultural relations with Egypt.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. Standard: Trace the evolution of language and its written forms.

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. Standard: Describe the origins and significance of Judaism as the first monotheistic religion based on the concept of one God who sets down moral laws for humanity.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. Standard: Identify the sources of the ethical teachings and central beliefs of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible, the Commentaries): belief in God, observance of law, practice of the concepts of righteousness and justice, and importance of study; and describe how the ideas of the Hebrew traditions are reflected in the moral and ethical traditions of Western civilization.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. Standard: Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. Standard: Discuss the locations of the settlements and movements of Hebrew peoples, including the Exodus and their movement to and from Egypt, and outline the significance of the Exodus to the Jewish and other people.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. Standard: Discuss how Judaism survived and developed despite the continuing dispersion of much of the Jewish population from Jerusalem and the rest of Israel after the destruction of the second Temple in A.D. 70.

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Discuss the connections between geography and the development of city-states in the region of the Aegean Sea, including patterns of trade and commerce among Greek city-states and within the wider Mediterranean region.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration).

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: State the key differences between Athenian, or direct, democracy and representative democracy.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Explain the significance of Greek mythology to the everyday life of people in the region and how Greek literature continues to permeate our literature and language today, drawing from Greek mythology and epics, such as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and from Aesop's Fables.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Outline the founding, expansion, and political organization of the Persian Empire.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. Standard: Describe the enduring contributions of important Greek figures in the arts and sciences (e.g., Hypatia, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Thucydides).

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Locate and describe the major river system and discuss the physical setting that supported the rise of this civilization.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Discuss the significance of the Aryan invasions.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Explain the major beliefs and practices of Brahmanism in India and how they evolved into early Hinduism.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Outline the social structure of the caste system.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Know the life and moral teachings of Buddha and how Buddhism spread in India, Ceylon, and Central Asia.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Describe the growth of the Maurya empire and the political and moral achievements of the emperor Asoka.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. Standard: Discuss important aesthetic and intellectual traditions (e.g., Sanskrit literature, including the Bhagavad Gita; medicine; metallurgy; and mathematics, including Hindu-Arabic numerals and the zero).

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Locate and describe the origins of Chinese civilization in the Huang-He Valley during the Shang Dynasty.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Explain the geographic features of China that made governance and the spread of ideas and goods difficult and served to isolate the country from the rest of the world.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Know about the life of Confucius and the fundamental teachings of Confucianism and Taoism.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Identify the political and cultural problems prevalent in the time of Confucius and how he sought to solve them.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: List the policies and achievements of the emperor Shi Huangdi in unifying northern China under the Qin Dynasty.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Detail the political contributions of the Han Dynasty to the development of the imperial bureaucratic state and the expansion of the empire.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Cite the significance of the trans-Eurasian "silk roads" in the period of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire and their locations.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Standard: Describe the diffusion of Buddhism northward to China during the Han Dynasty.

Standard: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Describe the government of the Roman Republic and its significance (e.g., written constitution and tripartite government, checks and balances, civic duty).

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Identify the location of and the political and geographic reasons for the growth of Roman territories and expansion of the empire, including how the empire fostered economic growth through the use of currency and trade routes.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Discuss the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome's transition from republic to empire.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Trace the migration of Jews around the Mediterranean region and the effects of their conflict with the Romans, including the Romans' restrictions on their right to live in Jerusalem.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Note the origins of Christianity in the Jewish Messianic prophecies, the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament, and the contribution of St. Paul the Apostle to the definition and spread of Christian beliefs (e.g., belief in the Trinity, resurrection, salvation).

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Describe the circumstances that led to the spread of Christianity in Europe and other Roman territories.

Overarching Standard: HSS-6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. Standard: Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law.

Enduring Understanding: The forming, integration, and refinement of aesthetic components, principles, and processes creates purpose, meaning, and artistic quality in media artworks. Essential Question(s): What is required to produce a media artwork that conveys purpose, meaning, and artistic quality? How do media artists refine their work? Process Component(s): Construct Performance Standard(s): a. Effectively implement production processes, artistically crafting and integrating content, technique and stylistic conventions in media arts productions, demonstrating understanding of associated aesthetic principles, such as consistency and juxtaposition. b. Refine and elaborate aesthetic elements and technical components to intentionally form impactful expressions in media artworks for specific purposes, audiences and contexts.

Enduring Understanding: The forming, integration, and refinement of aesthetic components, principles, and processes creates purpose, meaning, and artistic quality in media artworks. Essential Question(s): What is required to produce a media artwork that conveys purpose, meaning, and artistic quality? How do media artists refine their work? Process Component(s): Construct Performance Standard(s): a. Implement production processes, making artistically deliberate choices in content, technique, and style in media arts productions, demonstrating understanding of associated aesthetic principles, such as emphasis and tone. b. Refine media artworks, honing aesthetic quality and stylistic elements towards intentional expression and purpose.

Enduring Understanding: : Media artworks synthesize meaning and form cultural experience. Essential Question(s): How do we relate knowledge and experiences to understanding and making media artworks? How do we learn about and create meaning through producing media artworks? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): a. Access, evaluate, and use internal and external resources, such as knowledge, interests, and research, to create media artworks. b. Explain and show how media artworks form new meanings, situations, and cultural experiences, such as historical events.

Enduring Understanding: Media artworks and ideas are better understood and produced by relating them to their purposes, values, and various contexts. Essential Question(s): How does media arts relate to its various contexts, purposes, and values? How does investigating these relationships inform and deepen the media artist's understanding and work? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): a. Research and show how media artworks and ideas relate to personal life, and social, community, and cultural situations, such as personal identity, history, and entertainment. b. Analyze and interact appropriately with media arts tools and environments, considering copyright, ethics, media literacy and social media.

Enduring Understanding: Media arts ideas, works, and processes are shaped by the imagination, creative processes, and by experiences, both within and outside of the arts. Essential Question(s): How do media artists generate ideas? How can ideas for media arts productions be formed and developed to be effective and original? Process Component(s): Conceive Performance Standard(s): Envision original ideas and innovations for media artworks using personal experiences and/or the work of others.

Enduring Understanding: Media artists plan, organize, and develop creative ideas and models into process structures that can effectively realize the artistic idea. Essential Question(s): How do media artists organize and develop ideas and models into process structures to achieve the desired end product? Process Component(s): Develop Performance Standard(s): Organize, propose, and evaluate artistic ideas, plans, prototypes, and/or production processes for media arts productions, considering purposeful intent.

Enduring Understanding: The forming, integration, and refinement of aesthetic components, principles, and processes creates purpose, meaning, and artistic quality in media artworks. Essential Question(s): What is required to produce a media artwork that conveys purpose, meaning, and artistic quality? How do media artists refine their work? Process Component(s): Construct Performance Standard(s): a. Experiment with multiple approaches to produce content and components for determined purpose and meaning in media arts productions, utilizing a range of associated aesthetic principles, such as point of view and perspective. b. Appraise how elements and components can be altered for intentional effects and audience, and refine media artworks to reflect purpose and audience.

Enduring Understanding: Media artists integrate various forms and contents to develop complex, unified artworks. Essential Question(s): How are complex media arts experiences constructed? Process Component(s): Integrate Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate and rationalize how integrating multiple contents and forms, such as media, narratives and performance, can support a central idea in a media artwork.

Enduring Understanding: Media artists require a range of skills and abilities to creatively solve problems within and through media arts productions. Essential Question(s): What skills are required for creating effective media artworks and how are they improved? How are creativity and innovation developed within and through media arts productions? How do media artists use various tools and techniques? Process Component(s): Practice Performance Standard(s): a. Develop a variety of artistic, design, technical, and soft skills, such as invention, formal technique, production, self-initiative, and problem-solving, through performing various assigned roles in producing media artworks. b. Develop a variety of creative and innovative abilities, such as testing constraints in tool usage, in developing solutions within and through media arts productions.

Enduring Understanding: Media artists purposefully present, share, and distribute media artworks for various contexts. Essential Question(s): How does time, place, audience, and context affect presenting or performing choices for media artworks? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Analyze various presentation formats, defined processes, and results to improve the presentation of media artworks.

Enduring Understanding: Identifying the qualities and characteristics of media artworks improves one's artistic appreciation and production. Essential Question(s): How do we 'read' media artworks and discern their relational components? How do media artworks function to convey meaning and manage audience experience? Process Component(s): Perceive Performance Standard(s): a. Identify, describe, and analyze how message and meaning are created by components in media artworks. b. Identify, describe, and analyze how various forms, methods, and styles in media artworks manage audience experience.

Enduring Understanding: Interpretation and appreciation require consideration of the intent, form, and context of the media and artwork. Essential Question(s): How do people relate to and interpret media artworks? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Analyze the intent of a variety of media artworks, using given criteria.

Enduring Understanding: Skillful evaluation and critique are critical components of experiencing, appreciating, and producing media artworks. Essential Question(s): How and why do media artists value and judge media artworks? When and how should we evaluate and critique media artworks to improve them? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Determine and apply specific criteria to evaluate various media artworks and production processes, considering context, and practicing constructive feedback.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Explain and demonstrate how personal interests and knowledge relate to choices and intent when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Explain the influence of societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: The creative ideas, concepts, and feelings that influence musicians' work emerge from a variety of sources. Essential Question(s): How do musicians generate creative ideas? Process Component(s): Imagine Performance Standard(s): Compose and improvise ideas for melodies and rhythmic passages based on characteristic(s) of music or text(s) studied in rehearsal.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians' creative choices are influenced by their expertise, context, and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make creative decisions? Process Component(s): Plan and Make Performance Standard(s): a. Select and develop draft melodies and rhythmic passages that demonstrate understanding of characteristic(s) of music or text(s) studied in rehearsal. b. Preserve draft compositions and improvisations through standard notation and audio recording.

Enduring Understanding: 3.1 Musicians evaluate, and refine their work through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their creative work? Process Component(s): Evaluate and Refine Performance Standard(s): Evaluate and refine draft compositions and improvisations based on knowledge, skill, and collaboratively-developed criteria.

Enduring Understanding: 3.2 Musicians' presentation of creative work is the culmination of a process of creation and communication. Essential Question(s): When is creative work ready to share? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Share personally-developed melodies and rhythmic passages- individually or as an ensemble-that demonstrate understanding of characteristics of music or texts studied in rehearsal.

Enduring Understanding: 4.1 Performers' interest in and knowledge of musical works, understanding of their own technical skill, and the context for a performance influence the selection of repertoire. Essential Question(s): How do performers select repertoire? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Select a varied repertoire to study based on music reading skills (where appropriate), an understanding of formal design in the music, context, and the technical skill of the individual and ensemble.

Enduring Understanding: 4.2 Analyzing creators' context and how they manipulate elements of music provides insight into their intent and informs performance. Essential Question(s): How does understanding the structure and context of musical works inform performance? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate, using music reading skills where appropriate, how the setting and formal characteristics of musical works contribute to understanding the context of the music in prepared or improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: 4.3 Performers make interpretive decisions based on their understanding of context and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do performers interpret musical works? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate understanding and application of expressive qualities in a varied repertoire of music through prepared and improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: To express their musical ideas, musicians analyze, evaluate, and refine their performance over time through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their performance? Process Component(s): Rehearse, Evaluate, and Refine Performance Standard(s): Develop strategies to address technical challenges in a varied repertoire of music and evaluate their success using feedback from ensemble peers and other sources to refine performances.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians judge performance based on criteria that vary across time, place, and cultures. The context and how a work is presented influence audience response. Essential Question(s): When is a performance judged ready to present? How do context and the manner in which musical work is presented influence audience response? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): a. Demonstrate attention to technical accuracy and expressive qualities in prepared and improvised performances of a varied repertoire of music representing diverse cultures and styles. b. Demonstrate an understanding of the context of the music through prepared and improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individuals' selection of musical works is influenced by their interests, experiences, understandings, and purposes. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Explain reasons for selecting music citing characteristics found in the music and connections to interest, purpose, and context.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Describe how understanding context and the way the elements of music are manipulated inform the response to music.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify and support interpretations of the expressive intent and meaning of musical works, citing as evidence, the treatment of the elements of music, contexts, and (when appropriate) the setting of the text.

Enduring Understanding: The personal evaluation of musical work(s) and performance(s) is informed by analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Essential Question(s): How do we judge the quality of musical work(s) and performance(s)? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Explain the influence of experiences, analysis, and context on interest in and evaluation of music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Explain and demonstrate how personal interests and knowledge relate to choices and intent when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Explain the influence of societal, cultural and historical contexts when creating, performing and responding.

Enduring Understanding: The creative ideas, concepts, and feelings that influence musicians' work emerge from a variety of sources. Essential Question(s): How do musicians generate creative ideas? Process Component(s): Imagine Performance Standard(s): Generate melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic ideas for melodies created over specified chord progressions or AB / ABA forms and two-to three-chord accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians' creative choices are influenced by their expertise, context, and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make creative decisions? Process Component(s): Plan & Make Performance Standard(s): Select, develop, and use standard notation and/or audio/video recording to document melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic ideas for drafts of melodies created over specified chord progressions or AB / ABA forms and two-to-three -chord accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: 3.1 Musicians evaluate, and refine their work through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their creative work? Process Component(s): Evaluate and Refine Performance Standard(s): Apply teacher-provided criteria to critique, improve, and refine drafts of melodies created over specified chord progressions or AB / ABA forms and two-to-three -chord accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: 3.2 Musicians' presentation of creative work is the culmination of a process of creation and communication. Essential Question(s): When is creative work ready to share? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Share final versions of melodies created over specified chord progressions or AB / ABA forms and two-to-three -chord accompaniments for given melodies, demonstrating an understanding of how to develop and organize personal musical ideas.

Enduring Understanding: 4.1 Performers' interest in and knowledge of musical works, understanding of their own technical skill, and the context for a performance influence the selection of repertoire. Essential Question(s): How do performers select repertoire? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Describe and demonstrate how a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments is selected, based on personal interest, music reading skills, technical skills and related challenges, and the context of the performances.

Enduring Understanding: 4.2 Analyzing creators' context and how they manipulate elements of music provides insight into their intent and informs performance. Essential Question(s): How does understanding the structure and context of musical works inform performance? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify prominent melodic, harmonic, and structural characteristics and context (social, cultural, or historical) in a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies and chordal accompaniments selected for performance, using standard notation.

Enduring Understanding: 4.3 Performers make interpretive decisions based on their understanding of context and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do performers interpret musical works? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate and describe in interpretations an understanding of the context (social, cultural, or historical) and expressive intent in a varied repertoire of music selected for performance that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments.

Enduring Understanding: To express their musical ideas, musicians analyze, evaluate, and refine their performance over time through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their performance? Process Component(s): Rehearse, Evaluate, and Refine Performance Standard(s): Apply teacher-provided criteria to critique individual performances of a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments selected for performance, and identify practice strategies to address performance challenges and refine the performances.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians judge performance based on criteria that vary across time, place, and cultures. The context and how a work is presented influence audience response. Essential Question(s): When is a performance judged ready to present? How do context and the manner in which musical work is presented influence audience response? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Perform with expression and technical accuracy individual performances of a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies and chordal accompaniments, demonstrating sensitivity to the audience and an understanding of the context (such as social, cultural, or historical).

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individuals' selection of musical works is influenced by their interests, experiences, understandings, and purposes. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Explain reasons for selecting music citing characteristics found in the music and connections to interest, purpose, and context (social, cultural, or historical).

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Describe how elements of music are manipulated and knowledge of the context (social and cultural) informs the response.

Enduring Understanding: Through their use of elements and structures of music, creators and performers provide clues to their expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do we discern the musical creators' and performers' expressive intent? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Identify and support possible interpretations of the expressive intent and meaning of musical selections, citing as evidence the treatment of the elements of music, context, and (when applicable) the setting of the text.

Enduring Understanding: The personal evaluation of musical work(s) and performance(s) is informed by analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Essential Question(s): How do we judge the quality of musical work(s) and performance(s)? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Explain the influence of experiences and contexts (personal, social, or cultural) on interest in and the evaluation of a varied repertoire of music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Describe and demonstrate how personal interests relate to choices and intent when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Relate music to societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding.

Enduring Understanding: The creative ideas, concepts, and feelings that influence musicians' work emerge from a variety of sources. Essential Question(s): How do musicians generate creative ideas? Process Component(s): Imagine Performance Standard(s): Compose and improvise melodic and rhythmic ideas or motives that reflect characteristic(s) of music or text(s) studied in rehearsal.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians' creative choices are influenced by their expertise, context, and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make creative decisions? Process Component(s): Plan and Make Performance Standard(s): a. Select and develop draft melodic and rhythmic ideas or motives that demonstrate understanding of characteristic(s) of music or text(s) studied in rehearsal. b. Preserve draft compositions and improvisations through standard notation and audio recording.

Enduring Understanding: 3.1 Musicians evaluate, and refine their work through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their creative work? Process Component(s): Evaluate and Refine Performance Standard(s): Evaluate and refine draft compositions and improvisations based on knowledge, skill, and teacher-provided criteria.

Enduring Understanding: 3.2 Musicians' presentation of creative work is the culmination of a process of creation and communication. Essential Question(s): When is creative work ready to share? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Share personally-developed melodic and rhythmic ideas or motives- individually or as an ensemble-that demonstrate understanding of characteristics of music or texts studied in rehearsal.

Enduring Understanding: 4.1 Performers' interest in and knowledge of musical works, understanding of their own technical skill, and the context for a performance influence the selection of repertoire. Essential Question(s): How do performers select repertoire? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Select varied repertoire to study based on interest, music reading skills (where appropriate), an understanding of the structure of the music, context, and the technical skill of the individual or ensemble.

Enduring Understanding: 4.2 Analyzing creators' context and how they manipulate elements of music provides insight into their intent and informs performance. Essential Question(s): How does understanding the structure and context of musical works inform performance? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate, using music reading skills where appropriate, how knowledge of formal aspects in musical works inform prepared or improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: 4.3 Performers make interpretive decisions based on their understanding of context and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do performers interpret musical works? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Identify expressive qualities in a varied repertoire of music that can be demonstrated through prepared and improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: To express their musical ideas, musicians analyze, evaluate, and refine their performance over time through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their performance? Process Component(s): Rehearse, Evaluate, and Refine Performance Standard(s): Use self-reflection and peer feedback to refine individual and ensemble performances of a varied repertoire of music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians judge performance based on criteria that vary across time, place, and cultures. The context and how a work is presented influence audience response. Essential Question(s): When is a performance judged ready to present? How do context and the manner in which musical work is presented influence audience response? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): a. Demonstrate attention to technical accuracy and expressive qualities in prepared and improvised performances of a varied repertoire of music. b. Demonstrate an awareness of the context of the music through prepared and improvised performances.

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individuals' selection of musical works is influenced by their interests, experiences, understandings, and purposes. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Identify reasons for selecting music based on characteristics found in the music, connection to interest, and purpose or context.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify how knowledge of context and the use of repetition, similarities, and contrasts inform the response to music.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify interpretations of the expressive intent and meaning of musical works, referring to the elements of music, contexts, and (when appropriate) the setting of the text.

Enduring Understanding: The personal evaluation of musical work(s) and performance(s) is informed by analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Essential Question(s): How do we judge the quality of musical work(s) and performance(s)? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Identify and describe the effect of interest, experience, analysis, and context on the evaluation of music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Describe and demonstrate how personal interests relate to choices and intent when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Relate music to societal, cultural and historical contexts when creating, performing and responding.

Enduring Understanding: The creative ideas, concepts, and feelings that influence musicians' work emerge from a variety of sources. Essential Question(s): How do musicians generate creative ideas? Process Component(s): Imagine Performance Standard(s): Generate melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic ideas for simple melodies and chordal accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians' creative choices are influenced by their expertise, context, and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make creative decisions? Process Component(s): Plan & Make Performance Standard(s): Select, develop, and use standard notation or audio/video recording to document melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic ideas for drafts of simple melodies and chordal accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: 3.1 Musicians evaluate, and refine their work through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their creative work? Process Component(s): Evaluate and Refine Performance Standard(s): Apply teacher-provided criteria to critique, improve, and refine drafts of simple melodies and chordal accompaniments for given melodies.

Enduring Understanding: 3.2 Musicians' presentation of creative work is the culmination of a process of creation and communication. Essential Question(s): When is creative work ready to share? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Share final versions of simple melodies and chordal accompaniments for given melodies, demonstrating an understanding of how to develop and organize personal musical ideas.

Enduring Understanding: 4.1 Performers' interest in and knowledge of musical works, understanding of their own technical skill, and the context for a performance influence the selection of repertoire. Essential Question(s): How do performers select repertoire? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Describe and demonstrate how a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments is selected, based on personal interest, music reading skills, and technical skill, as well as the context of the performances.

Enduring Understanding: 4.2 Analyzing creators' context and how they manipulate elements of music provides insight into their intent and informs performance. Essential Question(s): How does understanding the structure and context of musical works inform performance? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify prominent melodic and harmonic characteristics in a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies and chordal accompaniments selected for performance, using standard notation.

Enduring Understanding: 4.3 Performers make interpretive decisions based on their understanding of context and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do performers interpret musical works? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate and describe in interpretations an understanding of the context and expressive intent in a varied repertoire of music selected for performance that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments.

Enduring Understanding: To express their musical ideas, musicians analyze, evaluate, and refine their performance over time through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their performance? Process Component(s): Rehearse, Evaluate, and Refine Performance Standard(s): Apply teacher-provided criteria to critique individual performances of a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies, and chordal accompaniments selected for performance, and apply practice strategies to address performance challenges and refine the performances.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians judge performance based on criteria that vary across time, place, and cultures. The context and how a work is presented influence audience response. Essential Question(s): When is a performance judged ready to present? How do context and the manner in which musical work is presented influence audience response? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Perform with expression and technical accuracy individual performances of a varied repertoire of music that includes melodies and chordal accompaniments, demonstrating understanding of the audience and the context.

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individuals' selection of musical works is influenced by their interests, experiences, understandings, and purposes. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Identify reasons for selecting music based on characteristics found in the music and connections to interest, purpose or personal experience.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): Identify, citing evidence, the use of repetition, similarities, and contrasts in musical selections and how these and knowledge of the context (social or cultural) informs the response.

Enduring Understanding: Through their use of elements and structures of music, creators and performers provide clues to their expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do we discern the musical creators' and performers' expressive intent? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Identify possible interpretations of the expressive intent and meaning of musical selections, referring to the elements of music, context (personal or social), and (when applicable) the setting of the text.

Enduring Understanding: The personal evaluation of musical work(s) and performance(s) is informed by analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Essential Question(s): How do we judge the quality of musical work(s) and performance(s)? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Identify and describe how interest, experiences, and contexts (personal or social) effect the evaluation of music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect their personal interests, experiences, ideas, and knowledge to creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Explain and demonstrate how personal interests, knowledge and ideas relate to choices and intent when creating, performing, and responding to music.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians connect societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding. Essential Question(s): How do musicians make meaningful connections to societal, cultural, and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Explain and demonstrate connections between music and societal, cultural and historical contexts when creating, performing, and responding.

Enduring Understanding: The creative ideas, concepts, and feelings that influence musicians' work emerge from a variety of sources. Essential Question(s): How do musicians generate creative ideas? Process Component(s): Imagine Performance Standard(s): a. Generate simple rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic phrases within AB and ABA forms that convey expressive intent.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians' creative choices are influenced by their expertise, context, and expressive intent Essential Question(s): How do musicians make creative decisions? Process Component(s): Plan & Make Performance Standard(s): a. Select, organize, construct, and document personal musical ideas for arrangements and compositions within AB or ABA form that demonstrate an effective beginning, middle, and ending, and convey expressive intent. b. Use standard and/or iconic notation and/or audio/ video recording to document personal simple rhythmic phrases, melodic phrases, and two chord harmonic musical ideas.

Enduring Understanding: 3.1 Musicians evaluate, and refine their work through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their creative work? Process Component(s): Evaluate and Refine Performance Standard(s): a. Evaluate personal work, applying teacher-provided criteria such as application of selected elements of music, and use of sound sources. b. Describe the rationale for making revisions to the music based on evaluation criteria and feedback from their teacher.

Enduring Understanding: 3.2 Musicians' presentation of creative work is the culmination of a process of creation and communication. Essential Question(s): When is creative work ready to share? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Present the final version of documented personal composition or arrangement, using craftsmanship and originality to demonstrate an effective beginning, middle, and ending, and convey expressive intent.

Enduring Understanding: 4.1 Performers' interest in and knowledge of musical works, understanding of their own technical skill, and the context for a performance influence the selection of repertoire. Essential Question(s): How do performers select repertoire? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Apply teacher provided criteria for selecting music to perform for a specific purpose and/or context and explain why each was chosen.

Enduring Understanding: 4.2 Analyzing creators' context and how they manipulate elements of music provides insight into their intent and informs performance. Essential Question(s): How does understanding the structure and context of musical works inform performance? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): a. Explain how understanding the structure and the elements of music are used in music selected for performance. b. When analyzing selected music, read and identify by name or function standard symbols for rhythm, pitch, articulation, and dynamics. c. Identify how personal, social, cultural and historical context inform performances.

Enduring Understanding: 4.3 Performers make interpretive decisions based on their understanding of context and expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do performers interpret musical works? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Perform a selected piece of music demonstrating how interpretations of the elements of music and the expressive qualities (such as articulation/style, and phrasing) convey intent.

Enduring Understanding: To express their musical ideas, musicians analyze, evaluate, and refine their performance over time through openness to new ideas, persistence, and the application of appropriate criteria. Essential Question(s): How do musicians improve the quality of their performance? Process Component(s): Rehearse, Evaluate, and Refine Performance Standard(s): Identify and apply teacher-provided criteria (such as correct interpretation of notation, technical accuracy, originality, and interest) to rehearse, refine, and determine when a piece is ready to perform.

Enduring Understanding: Musicians judge performance based on criteria that vary across time, place, and cultures. The context and how a work is presented influence audience response. Essential Question(s): When is a performance judged ready to present? How do context and the manner in which musical work is presented influence audience response? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): a. Perform the music, alone or with others with technical accuracy to convey the creator's intent. b. Demonstrate performance decorum and audience etiquette appropriate for venue and purpose.

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individuals' selection of musical works is influenced by their interests, experiences, understandings, and purposes. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): Select music to listen to and explain the connections to specific interests or experiences for a specific purpose.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Response to music is informed by analyzing context (social, cultural, and historical) and how creators and performers manipulate the elements of music. Essential Question(s): How do individuals choose music to experience? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): a. Describe how the elements of music and expressive qualities relate to the structure of the pieces. b. Identify the context of music from a variety of genres, cultures, and historical periods.

Enduring Understanding: Through their use of elements and structures of music, creators and performers provide clues to their expressive intent. Essential Question(s): How do we discern the musical creators' and performers' expressive intent? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Describe a personal interpretation of how creators' and performers' application of the elements of music and expressive qualities, within genres and cultural and historical context, convey expressive intent.

Enduring Understanding: The personal evaluation of musical work(s) and performance(s) is informed by analysis, interpretation, and established criteria. Essential Question(s): How do we judge the quality of musical work(s) and performance(s)? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Select from teacher provided criteria to evaluate musical works or performances.

Enduring Understanding: Choreographers use a variety of sources as inspiration and transform concepts and ideas into movement for artistic expression. Essential Question(s): Where do choreographers get ideas for dances? Process Component(s): Explore Performance Standard(s): a. Relate similar or contrasting ideas to develop choreography using a variety of stimuli (e.g., music, observed dance, literary forms, notation, natural phenomena, personal experience/recall, current news or social events). b. Explore various movement vocabularies to transfer ideas into choreography.

Enduring Understanding: As dance is experienced, all personal experiences, knowledge, and contexts are integrated and synthesized to interpret meaning. Essential Question(s): How does dance deepen our understanding of ourselves, other knowledge, and events around us? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): a. Observe the movement characteristics or qualities observed in a specific dance genre. Describe differences and similarities about what was observed to one's attitudes and movement preferences. b. Conduct research using a variety of resources to find information about a social issue of great interest. Use the information to create a dance study that expresses a specific point of view on the topic. Discuss whether the experience of creating and sharing the dance reinforces personal views or offers new knowledge and perspectives.

Enduring Understanding: Dance literacy includes deep knowledge and perspectives about societal, cultural, historical, and community contexts. Essential Question(s): How does knowing about societal, cultural, historical and community experiences expand dance literacy? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Interpret and show how the movement and qualities of a dance communicate its cultural, historical, and/or community purpose or meaning.

Enduring Understanding: The elements of dance, dance structures, and choreographic devices serve as both a foundation and a departure point for choreographers. Essential Question(s): What influences choice-making in creating choreography? Process Component(s): Plan Performance Standard(s): a. Explore choreographic devices and dance structures to develop a dance study that supports an artistic intent. Explain the goal or purpose of the dance. b. Determine artistic criteria to choreograph a dance study that communicates personal or cultural meaning. Based on the criteria, evaluate why some movements are more or less effective than others.

Enduring Understanding: Choreographers analyze, evaluate, refine, and document their work to communicate meaning Essential Question(s): How do choreographers use self-reflection, feedback from others, and documentation to improve the quality of their work? Process Component(s): Revise Performance Standard(s): a. Revise dance compositions using collaboratively developed artistic criteria. Document the revisions. Explain reasons for revisions and how choices made relate to artistic criteria.

Enduring Understanding: Space, time, and energy are basic elements of dance. Essential Question(s): How do dancers work with space, time and energy to communicate artistic expression? Process Component(s): Express Performance Standard(s): a. Refine partner and ensemble skills in the ability to determine distance and spatial design. Establish diverse pathways, levels, and patterns in space. Maintain focus with partner or group in near and far space. b. Use combinations of sudden and sustained timing as it relates to both the time and the dynamics of a phrase or dance work. Accurately use accented and unaccented beats in a variety of meters. c. Use the internal body force created by varying tension within one's musculature for movement initiation and dynamic expression. Distinguish between bound and free flowing movements and appropriately apply them to dance phrases.

Enduring Understanding: Dancers use the mind-body connection and develop the body as an instrument for artistry and artistic expression. Essential Question(s): What must a dancer do to prepare the mind and body for artistic expression? Process Component(s): Embody Performance Standard(s): a. Embody technical dance skills (e.g., alignment, coordination, balance, core support, clarity of movement) to accurately execute changes of direction, levels, facings, pathways, elevations and landings, extensions of limbs, and movement transitions. b. Apply basic anatomical knowledge, proprioceptive feedback, spatial awareness, and nutrition to promote safe and healthful strategies when warming up and dancing. c. Collaborate as an ensemble to refine dances by identifying what works and does not work in executing complex patterns, sequences, and formations. Solve movement problems to dances by testing options and finding good results. Document self-improvements over time.

Enduring Understanding: Dance performance is an interaction between performer, production elements, and audience that heightens and amplifies artistic expression. Essential Question(s): How does a dancer heighten artistry in a public performance? Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): a. Recognize needs and adapt movements to performance area. Use performance etiquette and performance practices during class, rehearsal and performance. After the performance, accept notes from choreographer and make corrections as needed and apply to future performances. b. Compare and contrast a variety of possible production elements that would intensify and heighten the artistic intent of the work. Select choices and explain reasons for the decisions made using production terminology.

Enduring Understanding: Dance is perceived and analyzed to comprehend its meaning. Essential Question(s): How is a dance understood? Process Component(s): Analyze Performance Standard(s): a. Describe or demonstrate recurring patterns of movement and their relationships in a dance. b. Explain how the elements of dance are used in a variety of dance genres, styles, or cultural movement practices. Use genre-specific dance terminology.

Enduring Understanding: Dance is interpreted by considering intent, meaning, and artistic expression as communicated through the use of the body, elements of dance, dance technique, dance structure, and context. Essential Question(s): How is dance interpreted? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Explain how the artistic expression of a dance is achieved through the elements of dance, use of body, dance technique, dance structure, and context. Explain how these communicate the intent of the dance using genre-specific dance terminology.

Enduring Understanding: Criteria for evaluating dance vary across genres, styles, and cultures Essential Question(s): What criteria are used to evaluate dance? Process Component(s): Critique Performance Standard(s): Discuss the characteristics and artistic intent of a dance from a genre, style, or cultural movement practice and develop artistic criteria to critique the dance using genre-specific dance terminology.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists allow awareness of interrelationships between self and others to influence and inform their work. Essential Question(s): What happens when theatre artists foster understanding between self and others through critical awareness, social responsibility, and the exploration of empathy? Process Component(s): Empathize Performance Standard(s): Explain how the actions and motivations of characters in a drama/theatre work impact perspectives of a community or culture.

Enduring Understanding: 11.1 Theatre artists understand and can communicate through their creative process as they analyze the way the world may be understood. Essential Question(s): What happens when theatre artists allow an understanding of themselves and the world to inform perceptions about theatre and the purpose of their work? Process Component(s): Interrelate Performance Standard(s): a. Identify universal themes or common social issues and express them through a drama/theatre work. b. Explore the ethical responsibilities to oneself and others when, recording, posting and sharing through the internet, social media and other communication formats.

Enduring Understanding: 11.2 Theatre artists critically inquire into the ways others have thought about and created drama processes and productions to inform their own work. Essential Question(s): In what ways can research into theatre histories, theories, literature, and performances alter the way a drama process or production is understood? Process Component(s): Research Performance Standard(s): a. Research and analyze two different versions of the same drama/theatre story to determine differences and similarities in the visual and aural world of each story. b. Investigate the time period and place of a drama/theatre work to better understand performance and design choices.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists rely on intuition, curiosity, culture, and critical inquiry. Essential Question(s): What happens when theatre artists use their culture, imaginations and/or learned theatre skills while engaging in creative exploration and inquiry? Process Component(s): Envision,Conceptualize Performance Standard(s): a. Identify possible solutions to staging challenges in a drama/theatre work. b. Explore a scripted or improvised character by imagining the given circumstances in a drama/theatre work. c. Identify solutions to design challenges in a drama/theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists work to discover different ways of communicating meaning. Essential Question(s): How, when, and why do theatre artists' choices change? Process Component(s): Develop Performance Standard(s): a. Use critical analysis to improve, refine, and evolve original ideas and artistic choices in a devised or scripted drama/theatre work. b. Contribute ideas and accept and incorporate the ideas of others in preparing or devising drama/theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists refine their work and practice their craft through rehearsal. Essential Question(s): How do theatre artists transform and edit their initial ideas? Process Component(s): Rehearse Performance Standard(s): a. Receive and incorporate feedback to refine a devised or scripted drama/theatre work. b. Identify effective physical and vocal traits of characters in a drama/theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists make strong choices to effectively convey meaning. Essential Question(s): Why are strong choices essential to interpreting a drama or theatre piece? Process Component(s): Select Performance Standard(s): a. Identify the essential events in a story or script that make up the dramatic structure in a drama/theatre work. b. Experiment with various physical choices to communicate character in a drama/theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists develop personal processes and skills for a performance or design. Essential Question(s): What can I do to fully prepare a performance or technical design? Process Component(s): Prepare Performance Standard(s): a. Recognize how acting exercises and techniques can be applied to a drama/theatre work. b. Articulate how technical theatre elements are integrated into a drama/ theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists share and present stories, ideas, and envisioned worlds to explore the human experience in diverse cultures. Essential Question(s): What happens when theatre artists and audiences share a creative experience? Process Component(s): Share, Present Performance Standard(s): Adapt a piece of literature and present it for an audience.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists reflect to understand the impact of drama processes and theatre experiences. Essential Question(s): How do theatre artists comprehend the essence of drama processes and theatre experiences? Process Component(s): Reflect Performance Standard(s): Describe and record personal reactions to artistic choices in a drama/theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists' interpretations of drama/theatre work are influenced by personal experiences, culture, and aesthetics. Essential Question(s): How can the same work of art communicate different messages to different people? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): a. Explain how artists make choices based on personal experience in a drama/theatre work. b. Identify cultural contexts that may influence the evaluation of a drama/theatre work. c. Identify personal aesthetics, preferences, and beliefs through participation in or observation of drama/ theatre work.

Enduring Understanding: Theatre artists apply criteria to understand, explore, and assess drama and theatre work. Essential Question(s): How do analysis and synthesis impact the theatre artist's process and audience's perspectives? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): a. Use supporting evidence and criteria to evaluate drama/theatre work. b. Identify a specific audience or purpose for a drama/theatre work. c. Identify the technical theatre elements used in a drama/theatre work to justify aesthetic choices.

Enduring Understanding: Through artmaking, people make meaning by investigating and developing awareness of perceptions, knowledge, and experiences. Essential Question(s): How does engaging in creating art enrich people's lives? How does making art attune people to their surroundings? How do people contribute to awareness and understanding of their lives and the lives of their communities through artmaking? Process Component(s): Synthesize Performance Standard(s): Generate a collection of ideas reflecting current interests and concerns that could be investigated in artmaking.

Enduring Understanding: People develop ideas and understandings of society, culture, and history through their interactions with and analysis of art. Essential Question(s): How does art help us understand the lives of people of different times, places, and cultures? How is art used to impact the views of a society? How does art preserve aspects of life? Process Component(s): Relate Performance Standard(s): Analyze how art reflects changing times, traditions, resources, and cultural uses.

Enduring Understanding: 1.1 Creativity and innovative thinking are essential life skills that can be developed. Essential Question(s): What conditions, attitudes, and behaviors support creativity and innovative thinking? What factors prevent or encourage people to take creative risks? How does collaboration expand the creative process? Process Component(s): Imagine, Plan, Make Performance Standard(s): Combine concepts collaboratively to generate innovative ideas for creating art.

Enduring Understanding: 1.2 Artists and designers shape artistic investigations, following or breaking with traditions in pursuit of creative artmaking goals. Essential Question(s): How does knowing the contexts, histories, and traditions of art forms help us create works of art and design? Why do artists follow or break from established traditions? How do artists determine what resources and criteria are needed to formulate artistic Process Component(s): Imagine, Plan, Make Performance Standard(s): Formulate an artistic investigation of personally relevant content for creating art.

Enduring Understanding: 2.1 Artists and designers experiment with forms, structures, materials, concepts, media, and art-making approaches. Essential Question(s): How do artists work? How do artists and designers determine whether a particular direction in their work is effective? How do artists and designers learn from trial and error? Process Component(s): Investigate Performance Standard(s): Demonstrate openness in trying new ideas, materials, methods, and approaches in making works of art and design.

Enduring Understanding: 2.2 Artists and designers balance experimentation and safety, freedom and responsibility while developing and creating artworks. Essential Question(s): How do artists and designers care for and maintain materials, tools, and equipment? Why is it important for safety and health to understand and follow correct procedures in handling materials, tools, and equipment? What responsibilities come with the free Process Component(s): Investigate Performance Standard(s): Explain environmental implications of conservation, care, and clean-up of arts materials, tools, and equipment.

Enduring Understanding: 2.3 People create and interact with objects, places, and design that define, shape, enhance, and empower their lives. Essential Question(s): How do objects, places, and design shape lives and communities? How do artists and designers determine goals for designing or redesigning objects, places, or systems? How do artists and designers create works of art or design that communicate effectively? Process Component(s): Investigate Performance Standard(s): Design or redesign objects, places, or systems that meet the identified needs of diverse users.

Enduring Understanding: Artists and designers develop excellence through practice and constructive critique to reflect on, revise, and refine work over time. Essential Question(s): What role does persistence play in revising, refining, and developing work? How do artists grow and become accomplished in art forms? How does collaboratively reflecting on a work help us experience it more completely? Process Component(s): Reflect, Refine, Revise Performance Standard(s): Reflect on whether personal artwork conveys the intended meaning and revise accordingly.

Enduring Understanding: Artists and other presenters consider various techniques, methods, venues, and criteria when analyzing, selecting, and curating objects artifacts, and artworks for preservation and presentation. Essential Question(s): How are artworks cared for and by whom? What criteria, methods, and processes are used to select work for preservation or presentation? Why do people value objects, artifacts, and artworks, and select them for presentation? Process Component(s): Select, Analyze Performance Standard(s): Analyze similarities and differences associated with preserving and presenting two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and digital artwork.

Enduring Understanding: Artists, curators and others consider a variety of factors and methods including evolving technologies when preparing and refining artwork for display and or when deciding if and how to preserve and protect it. Essential Question(s): What methods, processes and criteria are considered when preparing artwork for presentation, preservation, portfolio, or collection? How does assessing choices for presentation affect its meaning to the viewer? Process Component(s): Prepare Performance Standard(s): Individually or collaboratively, develop a visual plan for displaying works of art, analyzing exhibit space, the needs of the viewer, and the layout of the exhibit.

Enduring Understanding: Objects, artifacts, and artworks collected, preserved, or presented either by artists, museums, or other venues communicate meaning and a record of social, cultural, and political experiences resulting in the cultivating of appreciation and understanding. Essential Question(s): What is an art museum? How does the presenting and sharing of objects, artifacts, and artworks influence and shape ideas, beliefs, and experiences? How do objects, artifacts, and artworks that are collected, preserved, or presented, cultivate appreciation Process Component(s): Present Performance Standard(s): Assess, explain, and provide evidence of how museums or other venues reflect history and values of a community and/or culture.

Enduring Understanding: 7.1 Individual aesthetic and empathetic awareness developed through engagement with art can lead to understanding and appreciation of self, others, the natural world, and constructed environments. Essential Question(s): How do life experiences influence the way you relate to art? How does learning about art impact how we perceive the world? What can we learn from our responses to art? Process Component(s): Perceive Performance Standard(s): Identify and interpret works of art or design that reveal how people live around the world and what they value.

Enduring Understanding: 7.2 Visual imagery influences understanding of and responses to the world. Essential Question(s): What is an image? Where and how do we encounter images in our world? How do images influence our views of the world? Process Component(s): Perceive, Analyze Performance Standard(s): Analyze ways that visual components and cultural associations suggested by images influence ideas, emotions, and actions.

Enduring Understanding: People gain insights into meanings of artworks by engaging in the process of art criticism. Essential Question(s): What is the value of engaging in the process of art criticism? How can the viewer "read" a work of art as text? How does knowing and using visual arts vocabularies help us understand and interpret works of art? Process Component(s): Interpret Performance Standard(s): Interpret art by distinguishing between relevant and non-relevant contextual information and analyzing subject matter, characteristics of form and structure, and use of media to identify ideas and mood conveyed.

Enduring Understanding: People evaluate art based on various criteria. Essential Question(s): How does one determine criteria to evaluate a work of art? How and why might criteria vary? How is a personal preference different from an evaluation? Process Component(s): Evaluate Performance Standard(s): Develop and apply relevant criteria to evaluate a work of art.

Standard: Explain short- and long-term effects of alcohol, tobacco, inhalant, and other drug use, including social, legal, and economic implications.

Standard: Identify positive alternatives to alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use.

Standard: Differentiate between the use and misuse of prescription and nonprescription medicines.

Standard: Identify the benefits of a tobacco-free environment.

Standard: Explain the dangers of secondhand smoke.

Standard: Explain the stages of drug dependence and addiction and the effects of drugs on the adolescent brain.

Standard: Identify the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use on physical activity, including athletic performance.

Standard: Describe internal influences that affect the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Standard: Analyze the influence of marketing and advertising techniques, including the use of role models and how they affect use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Standard: Analyze how impaired judgment and other effects of using alcohol or marijuana impact personal safety, relationships with friends and families, school success, and attainment of present and future goals.

Standard: Explain how culture and media influence the use of alcohol and other drugs.

Standard: Identify sources of valid information regarding alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and abuse.

Standard: Use effective verbal communication skills to avoid situations where alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are being used.

Standard: Demonstrate effective verbal and nonverbal refusal skills to resist the pressure to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Standard: Analyze how decisions to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs will affect relationships with friends and family.

Standard: Analyze the kinds of situations involving alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs for which help from an adult should be requested.

Standard: Analyze the legal, emotional, social, and health consequences of using alcohol and other drugs.

Standard: Develop personal goals to remain drug-free.

Standard: Practice positive alternatives to using alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Standard: Practice effective persuasion skills for encouraging others not to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Standard: Describe the signs, causes, and health effects of stress, loss, and depression.

Standard: Summarize feelings and emotions associated with loss and grief.

Standard: Discuss how emotions change during adolescence.

Standard: Describe the importance of being aware of one's emotions.

Standard: Describe the importance of being empathetic to individual differences, including people with disabilities and chronic diseases.

Standard: Explain why getting help for mental, emotional, and social health problems is appropriate and necessary.

Standard: Describe the importance of setting personal boundaries for privacy, safety, and expressions of emotions and opinions.

Standard: Describe the similarities between types of violent behaviors (e.g., bullying, hazing, fighting, and verbal abuse).

Standard: Discuss the harmful effects of violent behaviors.

Standard: Analyze the external and internal influences on mental, emotional, and social health.

Standard: Identify sources of valid information and services for getting help with mental, emotional, and social health problems.

Standard: Discuss the importance of getting help from a trusted adult when it is needed.

Standard: Practice asking for help with mental, emotional, or social health problems from trusted adults.

Standard: Describe how prejudice, discrimination, and bias can lead to violence.

Standard: Demonstrate ways to communicate respect for diversity.

Standard: Demonstrate the ability to use steps of conflict resolution.

Standard: Apply a decision-making process to enhance health.

Standard: Describe situations for which someone should seek help with stress, loss, and depression.

Standard: Compare and contrast being angry and angry behavior, and discuss the consequences.

Standard: Make a plan to prevent and manage stress.

Standard: Describe how personal goals can be affected if violence is used to solve problems.

Standard: Make a personal commitment to avoid persons, places, or activities that encourage violence or delinquency.

Standard: Carry out personal and social responsibilities appropriately.

Standard: Practice strategies to manage stress.

Standard: Practice appropriate ways to respect and include others who are different from oneself.

Standard: Demonstrate how to use self-control when angry.

Standard: Encourage a school environment that is respectful of individual differences.

Standard: Object appropriately to teasing or bullying of peers that is based on personal characteristics and perceived sexual orientation.

Standard: Explain methods to reduce conflict, harassment, and violence.

Standard: Describe basic first aid and emergency procedures, including those for accidental loss of or injuries to teeth.

Standard: Describe the risks of gang involvement.

Standard: Examine disaster preparedness plans for the home and school.

Standard: Examine the risks of possessing a weapon at home, at school, and in the community.[1] Footnote: [1] See Education Code (EC) Section 49330 and the Glossary for the legal definition of a weapon.

Standard: Examine safety procedures when using public transportation and traveling in vehicles.

Standard: Discuss safety hazards related to Internet usage.

Standard: Describe hazards related to sun, water, and ice.

Standard: Describe how the presence of weapons increases the risk of serious violent injuries.[2] Footnote: [2] EC Section 49330.

Standard: Analyze the role of self and others in causing or preventing injuries.

Standard: Analyze influences on both safe and violent behaviors.

Standard: Analyze personal behaviors that may lead to injuries or cause harm.

Standard: Identify rules and laws intended to prevent injuries.

Standard: Demonstrate the ability to ask a trusted adult for help when feeling personally threatened or unsafe, including while using the Internet.

Standard: Practice effective communication skills to prevent and avoid risky situations.

Standard: Explain the importance of immediately reporting a weapon that is found or is in the possession of peers.[3] Footnote: [3] EC Section 49330.

Standard: Demonstrate escape strategies for situations in which weapons or other dangerous objects are present.[4] Footnote: [4] EC Section 49330.

Standard: Practice communication and refusal skills to avoid gang involvement.

Standard: Use a decision-making process to determine a safe course of action in risky situations.

Standard: Use a decision-making process to determine appropriate strategies for responding to bullying and harassment.

Standard: Develop a personal plan to remain safe and injury-free.

Standard: Practice ways to resolve conflicts nonviolently.

Standard: Practice safe use of technology.

Standard: Practice positive alternatives to gang involvement.

Standard: Practice basic first aid and emergency procedures.

Standard: Support injury prevention at school, at home, and in the community.

Standard: Promote a bully-free school and community environment.

Standard: Encourage others to practice safe behaviors, including the proper use of safety belts when riding in cars, wearing helmets when riding bicycles, and wearing mouth guards when participating in athletic activities.

Standard: Use flowcharts and/or pseudocode to design and illustrate algorithms that solve complex problems. Descriptive Statement: Complex problems are problems that would be difficult for students to solve without breaking them down into multiple steps. Flowcharts and pseudocode are used to design and illustrate the breakdown of steps in an algorithm. Students design and illustrate algorithms using pseudocode and/or flowcharts that organize and sequence the breakdown of steps for solving complex problems. For example, students might use a flowchart to illustrate an algorithm that produces a recommendation for purchasing sneakers based on inputs such as size, colors, brand, comfort, and cost. Alternatively, students could write pseudocode to express an algorithm for suggesting their outfit for the day, based on inputs such as the weather, color preferences, and day of the week.

Standard: Create clearly named variables that store data, and perform operations on their contents. Descriptive Statement: A variable is a container for data, and the name used for accessing the variable is called the identifier. Students declare, initialize, and update variables for storing different types of program data (e.g., text, integers) using names and naming conventions (e.g. camel case) that clearly convey the purpose of the variable, facilitate debugging, and improve readability. For example, students could program a quiz game with a score variable (e.g. quizScore) that is initially set to zero and increases by increments of one each time the user answers a quiz question correctly and decreases by increments of one each time a user answers a quiz question incorrectly, resulting in a score that is either a positive or negative integer. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 6.NS.5) Alternatively, students could write a program that prompts the user for their name, stores the user's response in a variable (e.g. userName), and uses this variable to greet the user by name.

Standard: Design and iteratively develop programs that combine control structures and use compound conditions. Descriptive Statement: Control structures can be combined in many ways. Nested loops are loops placed within loops, and nested conditionals allow the result of one conditional to lead to another. Compound conditions combine two or more conditions in a logical relationship (e.g., using AND, OR, and NOT). Students appropriately use control structures to perform repetitive and selection tasks. For example, when programming an interactive story, students could use a compound conditional within a loop to unlock a door only if a character has a key AND is touching the door. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy W.6.3, W.7.3, W.8.3) Alternatively, students could use compound conditionals when writing a program to test whether two points lie along the line defined by a particular linear function. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 8.EE.7) Additionally, students could use nested loops to program a character to do the "chicken dance" by opening and closing the beak, flapping the wings, shaking the hips, and clapping four times each; this dance "chorus" is then repeated several times in its entirety.

Standard: Decompose problems and subproblems into parts to facilitate the design, implementation, and review of programs. Descriptive Statement: Decomposition facilitates program development by allowing students to focus on one piece at a time (e.g., getting input from the user, processing the data, and displaying the result to the user). Decomposition also enables different students to work on different parts at the same time. Students break down (decompose) problems into subproblems, which can be further broken down to smaller parts. Students could create an arcade game, with a title screen, a game screen, and a win/lose screen with an option to play the game again. To do this, students need to identify subproblems that accompany each screen (e.g., selecting an avatar goes in the title screen, events for controlling character action and scoring goes in the game screen, and displaying final and high score and asking whether to play again goes in the win/lose screen). Alternatively, students could decompose the problem of calculating and displaying class grades. Subproblems might include: accept input for students grades on various assignments, check for invalid grade entries, calculate per assignment averages, calculate per student averages, and display histograms of student scores for each assignment. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 6.RP.3c, 6.SP.4, 6.SP.5)

Standard: Create procedures with parameters to organize code and make it easier to reuse. Descriptive Statement: Procedures support modularity in developing programs. Parameters can provide greater flexibility, reusability, and efficient use of resources. Students create procedures and/or functions that are used multiple times within a program to repeat groups of instructions. They generalize the procedures and/or functions by defining parameters that generate different outputs for a wide range of inputs. For example, students could create a procedure to draw a circle which involves many instructions, but all of them can be invoked with one instruction, such as "drawCircle." By adding a radius parameter, students can easily draw circles of different sizes. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 7.G.4) Alternatively, calculating the area of a regular polygon requires multiple steps. Students could write a function that accepts the number and length of the sides as parameters and then calculates the area of the polygon. This function can then be re-used inside any program to calculate the area of a regular polygon. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 6.G.1)

Standard: Seek and incorporate feedback from team members and users to refine a solution that meets user needs. Descriptive Statement: Development teams that employ user-centered design processes create solutions (e.g., programs and devices) that can have a large societal impact (e.g., an app that allows people with speech difficulties to allow a smartphone to clarify their speech). Students begin to seek diverse perspectives throughout the design process to improve their computational artifacts. Considerations of the end-user may include usability, accessibility, age-appropriate content, respectful language, user perspective, pronoun use, or color contrast. For example, if students are designing an app to teach their classmates about recycling, they could first interview or survey their classmates to learn what their classmates already know about recycling and why they do or do not recycle. After building a prototype of the app, the students could then test the app with a sample of their classmates to see if they learned anything from the app and if they had difficulty using the app (e.g., trouble reading or understanding text). After gathering interview data, students could refine the app to meet classmate needs. (CA NGSS: MS-ETS1-4)

Standard: Incorporate existing code, media, and libraries into original programs, and give attribution. Descriptive Statement: Building on the work of others enables students to produce more interesting and powerful creations. Students use portions of code, algorithms, digital media, and/or data created by others in their own programs and websites. They give attribution to the original creators to acknowledge their contributions. For example, when creating a side-scrolling game, students may incorporate portions of code that create a realistic jump movement from another person's game, and they may also import Creative Commons-licensed images to use in the background. Alternatively, when creating a website to demonstrate their knowledge of historical figures from the Civil War, students may use a professionally-designed template and public domain images of historical figures. (HSS.8.10.5) Additionally, students could import libraries and connect to web application program interfaces (APIs) to make their own programming processes more efficient and reduce the number of bugs (e.g., to check whether the user input is a valid date, to input the current temperature from another city).

Standard: Systematically test and refine programs using a range of test cases. Descriptive Statement: Use cases and test cases are created to evaluate whether programs function as intended. At this level, students develop use cases and test cases with teacher guidance. Testing should become a deliberate process that is more iterative, systematic, and proactive than at lower levels. For example, students test programs by considering potential errors, such as what will happen if a user enters invalid input (e.g., negative numbers and 0 instead of positive numbers). Alternatively, in an interactive program, students could test that the character cannot move off of the screen in any direction, cannot move through walls, and can interact with other characters. They then adjust character behavior as needed.

Standard: Distribute tasks and maintain a project timeline when collaboratively developing computational artifacts. Descriptive Statement: Collaboration is a common and crucial practice in programming development. Often, many individuals and groups work on the interdependent parts of a project together. Students assume pre-defined roles within their teams and manage the project workflow using structured timelines. With teacher guidance, they begin to create collective goals, expectations, and equitable workloads. For example, students could decompose the design stage of a game into planning the storyboard, flowchart, and different parts of the game mechanics. They can then distribute tasks and roles among members of the team and assign deadlines. Alternatively, students could work as a team to develop a storyboard for an animation representing a written narrative, and then program the scenes individually. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy W.6.3, W.7.3, W.8.3)

Standard: Document programs in order to make them easier to use, read, test, and debug. Descriptive Statement: Documentation allows creators, end users, and other developers to more easily use and understand a program. Students provide documentation for end users that explains their artifacts and how they function (e.g., project overview, user instructions). They also include comments within code to describe portions of their programs and make it easier for themselves and other developers to use, read, test, and debug. For example, students could add comments to describe functionality of different segments of code (e.g., input scores between 0 and 100, check for invalid input, calculate and display the average of the scores). They could also communicate the process used by writing design documents, creating flowcharts, or making presentations. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy SL.6.5, SL.7.5, SL.8.5)

Standard: Design modifications to computing devices in order to improve the ways users interact with the devices. Descriptive Statement: Computing devices can extend the abilities of humans, but design considerations are critical to make these devices useful. Students suggest modifications to the design of computing devices and describe how these modifications would improve usabilty. For example, students could create a design for the screen layout of a smartphone that is more usable by people with vision impairments or hand tremors. They might also design how to use the device as a scanner to convert text to speech. Alternatively, students could design modifications for a student ID card reader to increase usability by planning for scanner height, need of scanner device to be connected physically to the computer, robustness of scanner housing, and choice of use of RFID or line of sight scanners. (CA NGSS: MS-ETS1-1)

Standard: Design a project that combines hardware and software components to collect and exchange data. Descriptive Statement: Collecting and exchanging data involves input, output, storage, and processing. When possible, students select the components for their project designs by considering tradeoffs between factors such as functionality, cost, size, speed, accessibility, and aesthetics. Students do not need to implement their project design in order to meet this standard. For example, students could design a mobile tour app that displays information relevant to specific locations when the device is nearby or when the user selects a virtual stop on the tour. They select appropriate components, such as GPS or cellular-based geolocation tools, textual input, and speech recognition, to use in their project design. Alternatively, students could design a project that uses a sensor to collect the salinity, moisture, and temperature of soil. They may select a sensor that connects wirelessly through a Bluetooth connection because it supports greater mobility, or they could instead select a physical USB connection that does not require a separate power source. (CA NGSS: MS-ETS1-1, MS-ETS1-2)

Standard: Systematically apply troubleshooting strategies to identify and resolve hardware and software problems in computing systems. Descriptive Statement: When problems occur within computing systems, it is important to take a structured, step-by-step approach to effectively solve the problem and ensure that potential solutions are not overlooked. Examples of troubleshooting strategies include following a troubleshooting flow diagram, making changes to software to see if hardware will work, checking connections and settings, and swapping in working components. Since a computing device may interact with interconnected devices within a system, problems may not be due to the specific computing device itself but to devices connected to it. For example, students could work through a checklist of solutions for connectivity problems in a lab of computers connected wirelessly or through physical cables. They could also search for technical information online and engage in technical reading to create troubleshooting documents that they then apply. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy RST.6-8.10) Alternatively, students could explore and utilize operating system tools to reset a computer's default language to English. Additionally, students could swap out an externally-controlled sensor giving fluctuating readings with a new sensor to check whether there is a hardware problem.

Standard: Represent data in multiple ways. Descriptive Statement: Computers store data as sequences of 0s and 1s (bits). Software translates to and from this low-level representation to higher levels that are understandable by people. Furthermore, higher level data can be represented in multiple ways, such as the digital display of a color and its corresponding numeric RGB value, or a bar graph, a pie chart, and table representation of the same data in a spreadsheet. For example, students could use a color picker to explore the correspondence between the digital display or name of a color (high-level representations) and its RGB value or hex code (low-level representation). Alternatively, students could translate a word (high-level representation) into Morse code or its corresponding sequence of ASCII codes (low-level representation).

Standard: Collect data using computational tools and transform the data to make it more useful. Descriptive Statement: Data collection has become easier and more ubiquitous. The cleaning of data is an important transformation for ensuring consistent format, reducing noise and errors (e.g., removing irrelevant responses in a survey), and/or making it easier for computers to process. Students build on their ability to organize and present data visually to support a claim, understanding when and how to transform data so information can be more easily extracted. Students also transform data to highlight or expose relationships. For example, students could use computational tools to collect data from their peers regarding the percentage of time technology is used for school work and entertainment, and then create digital displays of their data and findings. Students could then transform the data to highlight relationships representing males and females as percentages of a whole instead of as individual counts. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 6.SP.4, 7.SP.3, 8.SP.1, 8.SP.4) Alternatively, students could collect data from online forms and surveys, from a sensor, or by scraping a web page, and then transform the data to expose relationships. They could highlight the distribution of data (e.g., words on a web page, readings from a sensor) by giving quantitative measures of center and variability. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 6.SP.5.c, 7.SP.4)

Standard: Test and analyze the effects of changing variables while using computational models. Descriptive Statement: Variables within a computational model may be changed, in order to alter a computer simulation or to more accurately represent how various data is related. Students interact with a given model, make changes to identified model variables, and observe and reflect upon the results. For example, students could test a program that makes a robot move on a track by making changes to variables (e.g., height and angle of track, size and mass of the robot) and discussing how these changes affect how far the robot travels. (CA NGSS: MS-PS2-2) Alternatively, students could test a game simulation and change variables (e.g., skill of simulated players, nature of opening moves) and analyze how these changes affect who wins the game. (CA NGSS: MS-ETS1-3) Additionally, students could modify a model for predicting the likely color of the next pick from a bag of colored candy and analyze the effects of changing variables representing the common color ratios in a typical bag of candy. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 7.SP.7, 8.SP.4)

Standard: Compare tradeoffs associated with computing technologies that affect people's everyday activities and career options. Descriptive Statement: Advancements in computer technology are neither wholly positive nor negative. However, the ways that people use computing technologies have tradeoffs. Students consider current events related to broad ideas, including privacy, communication, and automation. For example, students could compare and contrast the impacts of computing technologies with the impacts of other systems developed throughout history such as the Pony Express and US Postal System. (HSS.7.8.4) Alternatively, students could identify tradeoffs for both personal and professional uses of a variety of computing technologies. For instance, driverless cars can increase convenience and reduce accidents, but they may be susceptible to hacking. The emerging industry will reduce the number of taxi and shared-ride drivers, but may create more software engineering and cybersecurity jobs.

Standard: Discuss issues of bias and accessibility in the design of existing technologies. Descriptive Statement: Computing technologies should support users of many backgrounds and abilities. In order to maximize accessiblity, these differences need to be addressed by examining diverse populations. With the teacher's guidance, students test and discuss the usability of various technology tools, such as apps, games, and devices. For example, students could discuss the impacts of facial recognition software that works better for lighter skin tones and recognize that the software was likely developed with a homogeneous testing group. Students could then discuss how accessibility could be improved by sampling a more diverse population. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy SL.6.1, SL.7.1, SL.8.1)

Standard: Collaborate with many contributors when creating a computational artifact. Descriptive Statement: Users have diverse sets of experiences, needs, and wants. These need to be understood and integrated into the design of computational artifacts. Students use applications that enable crowdsourcing to gather services, ideas, or content from a large group of people. At this level, crowdsourcing can be done at the local level (e.g., classroom, school, or neighborhood) and/or global level (e.g., age-appropriate online communities). For example, a group of students could use electronic surveys to solicit input from their neighborhood regarding an important social or political issue. They could collaborate with a community artist to combine animations and create a digital community collage informing the public about various points of view regarding the topic. (VAPA Visual Art 8.5.2, 8.5.4)

Standard: Compare tradeoffs associated with licenses for computational artifacts to balance the protection of the creators' rights and the ability for others to use and modify the artifacts. Descriptive Statement: Using and building on the works of others allows people to create meaningful works and fosters innovation. Copyright is an important law that helps protect the rights of creators so they receive credit and get paid for their work. Creative Commons is a kind of copyright that makes it easier for people to copy, share, and build on creative work, as long as they give credit for it. There are different kinds of Creative Commons licenses that allow people to do things such as change, remix, or make money from their work. As creators, students can pick and choose how they want their work to be used, and then create a Creative Commons license that they include in their work. For example, students could create interactive animations to educate others on bullying or protecting the environment. They then select an appropriate license to reflect how they want their program to be used by others (e.g., allow others to use their work and alter it, as long as they do not make a profit from it). Students use established methods to both protect their artifacts and attribute use of protected artifacts.

Standard: Compare tradeoffs between allowing information to be public and keeping information private and secure. Descriptive Statement: While it is valuable to establish, maintain, and strengthen connections between people online, security attacks often start with intentionally or unintentionally providing personal information online. Students identify situations where the value of keeping information public outweighs privacy concerns, and vice versa. They also recognize practices such as phishing and social engineering and explain best practices to defend against them. For example, students could discuss the benefits of artists and designers displaying their work online to reach a broader audience. Students could also compare the tradeoffs of making a shared file accessible to anyone versus restricting it to specific accounts. (CA CCSS for ELA/Literacy SL.6.1, SL.7.1, SL.8.1) Alternatively, students could discuss the benefits and dangers of the increased accessibility of information available on the internet, and then compare this to the advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of the printing press in society. (HSS.7.8.4)

Standard: Model the role of protocols in transmitting data across networks and the Internet. Descriptive Statement: Protocols are rules that define how messages between computers are sent. They determine how quickly and securely information is transmitted across networks, as well as how to handle errors in transmission. Students model how data is sent using protocols to choose the fastest path and to deal with missing information. Knowledge of the details of how specific protocols work is not expected. The priority at this grade level is understanding the purpose of protocols and how they enable efficient and errorless communication. For example, students could devise a plan for sending data representing a textual message and devise a plan for resending lost information. Alternatively, students could devise a plan for sending data to represent a picture, and devise a plan for interpreting the image when pieces of the data are missing. Additionally, students could model the speed of sending messages by Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks and describe ways errors in data transmission can be detected and dealt with.

Standard: Explain potential security threats and security measures to mitigate threats. Descriptive Statement: Cybersecurity is an important field of study and it is valuable for students to understand the need for protecting sensitive data. Students identify multiple methods for protecting data and articulate the value and appropriateness for each method. Students are not expected to implement or explain the implementation of such technologies. For example, students could explain the importance of keeping passwords hidden, setting secure router administrator passwords, erasing a storage device before it is reused, and using firewalls to restrict access to private networks. Alternatively, students could explain the importance of two-factor authentication and HTTPS connections to ensure secure data transmission.

Standard: Apply multiple methods of information protection to model the secure transmission of information. Descriptive Statement: Digital information is protected using a variety of cryptographic techniques. Cryptography is essential to many models of cybersecurity. At its core, cryptography has a mathematical foundation. Cryptographic encryption can be as simple as letter substitution or as complicated as modern methods used to secure networks and the Internet. Students encode and decode messages using encryption methods, and explore different levels of complexity used to hide or secure information. For example, students could identify methods of secret communication used during the Revolutionary War (e.g., ciphers, secret codes, invisible ink, hidden letters) and then secure their own methods such as substitution ciphers or steganography (i.e., hiding messages inside a picture or other data) to compose a message from either the Continental Army or British Army. (HSS.8.1) Alternatively, students could explore functions and inverse functions for encryption and decryption and consider functions that are complex enough to keep data secure from their peers. (CA CCSS for Mathematics 8.F.1)

Standard: Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following turn-taking rules, asking relevant questions, affirming others, adding relevant information and evidence, paraphrasing key ideas, building on responses, and providing useful feedback.

Standard: Engage in conversational exchanges and express ideas on familiar topics by asking and answering yes-no and wh- questions and responding using simple phrases.

Standard: Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions by following turn-taking rules, asking relevant information, affirming others, adding relevant information, and paraphrasing key ideas.

Standard: Write longer and more detailed literary and informational texts (e.g., an argument for protecting the rain forests) collaboratively (e.g., with peers) and independently using appropriate text organization and growing understanding of register.

Standard: Write short literary and informational texts (e.g., an argument for protecting the rain forests) collaboratively (e.g., with peers) and independently.

Standard: Write longer literary and informational texts (e.g., an argument for protecting the rain forests) collaboratively (e.g., with peers) and independently using appropriate text organization.

Standard: Write clear and coherent summaries of texts and experiences using complete and concise sentences and key words (e.g., from notes or graphic organizers).

Standard: Write brief summaries of texts and experiences using complete sentences and key words (e.g., from notes or graphic organizers).

Standard: Write increasingly concise summaries of texts and experiences using complete sentences and key words (e.g., from notes or graphic organizers).

Standard: Justify opinions or persuade others by providing detailed and relevant textual evidence (e.g., quoting from the text directly or referring to specific textual evidence) or relevant background knowledge, with light support.

Standard: Justify opinions by providing some textual evidence (e.g., quoting from the text) or relevant background knowledge, with substantial support.

Standard: Justify opinions or persuade others by providing relevant textual evidence (e.g., quoting from the text or referring to what the text says) or relevant background knowledge, with moderate support.

Standard: Express attitude and opinions or temper statements with nuanced modal expressions (e.g., probably/certainly/definitely, should/would, might) and phrasing (e.g., In my opinion. . . ).

Standard: Express attitude and opinions or temper statements with some basic modal expressions (e.g., can, has to).

Standard: Express attitude and opinions or temper statements with a variety of familiar modal expressions (e.g., maybe/probably, can/could, must).

Standard: Use an expanded set of general academic words (e.g., affect, evidence, demonstrate, reluctantly), domain-specific words (e.g., scene, setting, plot, point of view, fraction, cell membrane, democracy), synonyms, antonyms, and figurative language to create precision and shades of meaning while speaking and writing.

Standard: Use a select number of general academic words (e.g., author, chart) and domain-specific words (e.g., scene, cell, fraction) to create some precision while speaking and writing.

Standard: Use a growing set of academic words (e.g., author, chart, global, affect), domain-specific words (e.g., scene, setting, plot, point of view, fraction, cell membrane, democracy), synonyms, and antonyms to create precision and shades of meaning while speaking and writing.

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology to appropriately select affixes in a variety of ways to manipulate language (e.g., changing observe ? observation, reluctant ? reluctantly, produce ? production, and so on).

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology to appropriately select affixes in basic ways (e.g., She likes X).

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology to appropriately select affixes in a growing number of ways to manipulate language (e.g., She likes X. That's impossible).

Standard: Engage in extended written exchanges with peers and collaborate on complex written texts on a variety of topics, using technology when appropriate.

Standard: Engage in short written exchanges with peers and collaborate on simple written texts on familiar topics, using technology when appropriate.

Standard: Engage in long written exchanges with peers and collaborate on more detailed written texts on a variety of topics, using technology when appropriate.

Standard: Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations using appropriate register (e.g., to reflect on multiple perspectives) using a variety of learned phrases, indirect reported speech (e.g., I heard you say X, and Gabriel just pointed out Y), as well as open responses.

Standard: Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations (e.g., to gain and hold the floor or ask for clarification) using basic learned phrases (e.g., I think . . . , Would you please repeat that?), as well as open responses.

Standard: Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations (e.g., to provide counterarguments) using an expanded set of learned phrases (I agree with X, but . . .), as well as open responses.

Standard: Adjust language choices according to task (e.g., facilitating a science experiment, providing peer feedback on a writing assignment), purpose, task, and audience.

Standard: Adjust language choices according to social setting (e.g., classroom, break time) and audience (e.g., peers, teacher).

Standard: Adjust language choices according to purpose (e.g., explaining, persuading, entertaining), task, and audience.

Standard: Demonstrate active listening in oral presentation activities by asking and answering detailed questions, with minimal prompting and support.

Standard: Demonstrate active listening in oral presentation activities by asking and answering basic questions, with prompting and substantial support.

Standard: Demonstrate active listening in oral presentation activities by asking and answering detailed questions, with occasional prompting and moderate support.

Standard: Explain ideas, phenomena, processes, and text relationships (e.g., compare/contrast, cause/effect, and problem/solution) based on close reading of a variety of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia, with light support.

Standard: Explain ideas, phenomena, processes, and text relationships (e.g., compare/ contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution) based on close reading of a variety of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia, with substantial support.

Standard: Explain ideas, phenomena, processes, and text relationships (e.g., compare/ contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution) based on close reading of a variety of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia, with moderate support.

Standard: Express inferences and conclusions drawn based on close reading of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia using a variety of precise academic verbs (e.g., indicates that, influences).

Standard: Express inferences and conclusions drawn based on close reading of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia using some frequently used verbs (e.g., shows that, based on).

Standard: Express inferences and conclusions drawn based on close reading of grade-level texts and viewing of multimedia using a variety of verbs (e.g., suggests that, leads to).

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology (e.g., affixes, roots, and base words), context, reference materials, and visual cues to determine the meaning, including figurative and connotative meanings, of unknown and multiple-meaning words on a variety of new topics.

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology (e.g., affixes, roots, and base words), context, reference materials, and visual cues to determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words on familiar topics.

Standard: Use knowledge of morphology (e.g., affixes, roots, and base words), context, reference materials, and visual cues to determine the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words on familiar and new topics.

Standard: Explain how well writers and speakers use specific language resources to present ideas or support arguments and provide detailed evidence (e.g., identifying the specific language used to present ideas and claims that are well supported and distinguishing them from those that are not) with light support.

Standard: Explain how well writers and speakers use language to support ideas and arguments with detailed evidence (e.g., identifying the precise vocabulary used to present evidence, or the phrasing used to signal a shift in meaning) with substantial support.

Standard: Explain how well writers and speakers use specific language to present ideas or support arguments and provide detailed evidence (e.g., showing the clarity of the phrasing used to present an argument) with moderate support.

Standard: Explain how phrasing, different words with similar meaning (e.g., stingy, economical, frugal, thrifty), or figurative language (e.g., The room was depressed and gloomy. The room was like a dank cave, littered with food wrappers, soda cans, and piles of laundry) produce shades of meaning, nuances, and different effects on the audience.

Standard: Explain how phrasing or different common words with similar meaning (e.g., choosing to use the word cheap versus the phrase a good saver) produce different effects on the audience.

Standard: Explain how phrasing, different words with similar meaning (e.g., describing a character as stingy versus economical), or figurative language (e.g., The room was like a dank cave, littered with food wrappers, soda cans, and piles of laundry) produce shades of meaning and different effects on the audience.

Standard: Plan and deliver longer oral presentations on a variety of topics and content areas, using reasoning and evidence to support ideas, as well as growing understanding of register.

Standard: Plan and deliver brief oral presentations on a variety of topics and content areas.

Standard: Plan and deliver longer oral presentations on a variety of topics and content areas, using details and evidence to support ideas.

Standard: Apply increasing understanding of how different text types are organized to express ideas (e.g., how a historical account is organized chronologically versus how arguments are structured logically around reasons and evidence) to comprehending texts and writing cohesive texts.

Standard: Apply basic understanding of how different text types are organized to express ideas (e.g., how a narrative is organized sequentially with predictable stages versus how arguments are organized around ideas) to comprehending texts and writing basic texts.

Standard: Apply growing understanding of how different text types are organized to express ideas (e.g., how a narrative is organized sequentially with predictable stages versus how arguments are structured logically around reasons and evidence) to comprehending texts and writing texts with increasing cohesion.

Standard: Apply increasing understanding of language resources for referring the reader back or forward in text (e.g., how pronouns, synonyms, or nominalizations refer back to nouns in text) to comprehending texts and writing cohesive texts.

Standard: Apply basic understanding of language resources for referring the reader back or forward in text (e.g., how pronouns refer back to nouns in text) to comprehending texts and writing basic texts.

Standard: Apply growing understanding of language resources for referring the reader back or forward in text (e.g., how pronouns or synonyms refer back to nouns in text) to comprehending texts and writing texts with increasing cohesion.

Standard: Apply increasing understanding of how ideas, events, or reasons are linked throughout a text using an increasing variety of academic connecting and transitional words or phrases (e.g., consequently, specifically, however, moreover) to comprehending texts and writing cohesive texts.

Standard: Apply basic understanding of how ideas, events, or reasons are linked throughout a text using a select set of everyday connecting words or phrases (e.g., first/next, at the beginning) to comprehending texts and writing basic texts.

Standard: Apply growing understanding of how ideas, events, or reasons are linked throughout a text using a variety of connecting words or phrases (e.g., for example, in the first place, as a result, on the other hand) to comprehending texts and writing texts with increasing cohesion.

Standard: Use various verb types (e.g., doing, saying, being/having, thinking/feeling, reporting), tenses (e.g., present, past, future, simple, progressive, perfect) appropriate to the task, text type, and discipline (e.g., the present perfect to describe previously made claims or conclusions) on a variety of topics.

Standard: Use a variety of verb types (e.g., doing, saying, being/having, thinking/feeling), tenses (e.g., present, past, future, simple, progressive) appropriate to the text type and discipline (e.g., simple past and past progressive for recounting an experience) on familiar topics.

Standard: Use various verb types (e.g., doing, saying, being/having, thinking/feeling, reporting), tenses (e.g., present, past, future, simple, progressive, perfect) appropriate to the task, text type, and discipline (e.g., simple present for literary analysis) on an increasing variety of topics.

Standard: Expand noun phrases in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., adding comparative/ superlative and general academic adjectives to noun phrases or more complex clause embedding) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and the like.

Standard: Expand noun phrases in simple ways (e.g., adding a sensory adjective to a noun) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and the like.

Standard: Expand noun phrases in a variety of ways (e.g., adding comparative/superlative adjectives to noun phrases or simple clause embedding) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and the like.

Standard: Expand sentences with a variety of adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases and clauses, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a variety of familiar and new activities and processes.

Standard: Expand sentences with simple adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a familiar activity or process.

Standard: Expand sentences with an increasing variety of adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a familiar or new activity or process.

Standard: Combine clauses in a wide variety of ways (e.g., creating compound and complex sentences) to make connections between and join ideas, for example, to express a reason (e.g., He stayed at home on Sunday because he had an exam on Monday), to make a concession (e.g., She studied all night even though she wasn't feeling well), or to link two ideas that happen at the same time (e.g., The students worked in groups while their teacher walked around the room).

Standard: Combine clauses in a few basic ways to make connections between and join ideas (e.g., creating compound sentences using and, but, so).

Standard: Combine clauses in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., creating compound and complex sentences) to make connections between and join ideas, for example, to express a reason (e.g., He stayed at home on Sunday to study for Monday's exam) or to make a concession (e.g., She studied all night even though she wasn't feeling well).

Standard: Condense ideas in a variety of ways (e.g., through various types of embedded clauses, ways of condensing, and nominalization as in, They destroyed the rain forest. Lots of animals died --- The destruction of the rain forest led to the death of many animals) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Standard: Condense ideas in simple ways (e.g., by compounding verbs, adding prepositional phrases, or through simple embedded clauses or other ways of condensing as in, This is a story about a girl. The girl changed the world. --- This is a story about a girl who changed the world) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Standard: Condense ideas in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., through various types of embedded clauses and other ways of condensing, as in, Organic vegetables are food. They're made without chemical fertilizers. They're made without chemical insecticides) --- Organic vegetables are foods that are made without chemical fertilizers or insecticides) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities.

Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities.

Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance.

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Assess the components of health-related physical ?tness (muscle strength, muscle endurance, ?exibility, aerobic capacity, and body composition) by using a scienti?cally based health-related ?tness assessment.

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Compare individual physical ?tness results with research-based standards for good health.

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Develop individual goals for each of the components of health-related physical ?tness (muscle strength, muscle endurance, ?exibility, aerobic capacity, and body composition).

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Participate in moderate to vigorous physical activity a minimum of four days each week.

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Measure and evaluate changes in health-related physical ?tness based on physical activity patterns.

Overarching Standard: Students assess and maintain a level of physical fitness to improve health and performance. Standard: Monitor the intensity of one's heart rate during physical activity.

Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Distinguish between effective and ineffective warm-up and cool-down techniques.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Develop a one-day personal physical ?tness plan specifying the intensity, time, and types of physical activities for each component of health-related physical ?tness.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Identify contraindicated exercises and their adverse effects on the body.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Classify physical activities as aerobic or anaerobic.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Explain methods of monitoring heart rate intensity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: List the long-term bene?ts of participation in regular physical activity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of physical fitness concepts, principles, and strategies to improve health and performance. Standard: Compile and analyze a log noting the food intake/calories consumed and energy expended through physical activity.

Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. Standard: Participate productively in group physical activities.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. Standard: Evaluate individual responsibility in group efforts.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. Standard: Identify and de?ne the role of each participant in a cooperative physical activity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. Standard: Identify and agree on a common goal when participating in a cooperative physical activity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate and utilize knowledge of psychological and sociological concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activity. Standard: Analyze possible solutions to a movement problem in a cooperative physical activity and come to a consensus on the best solution.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Volley an object repeatedly with a partner, using the forearm pass.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Strike a ball continuously against a wall and with a partner, using a paddle for the forehand stroke and the backhand stroke.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Strike an object consistently, using a body part, so that the object travels in the intended direction at the desired height.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Strike an object consistently, using an implement, so that the object travels in the intended direction at the desired height.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Dribble and pass a ball to a partner while being guarded.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Throw an object accurately and with applied force, using the underhand, overhand, and sidearm movement (throw) patterns.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Explain the role of the legs, shoulders, and forearm in the forearm pass.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Identify the time necessary to prepare for and begin a forehand stroke and a backhand stroke.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Illustrate how the intended direction of an object is affected by the angle of the implement or body part at the time of contact.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Identify opportunities to pass or dribble while being guarded.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Combine motor skills to play a lead-up or modi?ed game.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Design and perform smooth, ?owing sequences of stunts, tumbling, and rhythmic patterns that combine traveling, rolling, balancing, and transferring weight.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Combine relationships, levels, speed, direction, and pathways in complex individual and group physical activities.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Develop a cooperative movement game that uses locomotor skills, object manipulation, and an offensive strategy and teach the game to another person.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Perform folk and line dances.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate the motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. Standard: Develop, re?ne, and demonstrate routines to music.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Identify steps and rhythm patterns for folk and line dances.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Explain how movement qualities contribute to the aesthetic dimension of physical activity.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Explain how to increase force based on the principles of biomechanics.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Explain how impact force is reduced by increasing the duration of impact.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Analyze and correct errors in movement patterns.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Provide feedback to a partner to assist in developing and improving movement skills.

Overarching Standard: Students demonstrate knowledge of movement concepts, principles, and strategies that apply to the learning and performance of physical activities. Standard: Identify practices and procedures necessary for safe participation in physical activities.